Methods to Detect and Quantitate Complement Activation
4
Citation
38
Reference
10
Related Paper
Citation Trend
Abstract:
This chapter will describe various approaches and laboratory tests which have been employed to analyze the reaction mechanisms of the complement system and to demonstrate its involvement in model systems and in human diseases. Emphasis will be placed on new assay systems which detect specific features of the activated complement system. In addition to the unequivocal demonstration of complement activation, such assays are highly sensitive and have the ability to detect and quantitate low levels of complement activation in the circulation, in tissues, or in vitro.Keywords:
Complement
The complement system plays an important role in defence of the host against infection and in the clearance of immune complexes. Defects in complement proteins are often associated with infections or auto/immune complex diseases. Investigation of complement is useful for diagnosis and following of auto-immune diseases. The aim of this Article is to provide an overview of important applications of complement in medicine, emphasizing the role of complement in pathogenesis and the usefulness of measurements of complement proteins in diagnosis and assessment of the evolution of disease states. Emphasis has been placed on practical applications and understanding basic mechanisms of disease. The best screen for complement deficiencies or significant activation is the CH50, which measures total classical pathway activity and the measurement of C3 and C4. The absence or decrease of multiple components is usually due to consumption of complement. Complete lack of CH50 associated with normal C3 antigen is a strong indication for complement deficiency and should be followed up with further tests to determine which component is missing.
Complement
Complement deficiency
Pathogenesis
Cite
Citations (9)
Measurement of complement in clinical medicine is traditionally based on the determination of CH50 and immunochemical and/or functional measurement of complement proteins C1q, factor B, C3 and C4. The interpretation of these measurements, as far as complement activation is concerned, can however be difficult as these tests do not allow to discriminate between consumption due to activation, hereditary deficiency, increased rate of synthesis or even hyposynthesis. This explains why their use as markers of evolutivity in diseases where complement activation is occurring has given variable results. New tests for complement activation have been more recently introduced. These are mainly the measurements of the anaphytotoxins, the degradation products of C3 and the membrane attack complex. As these tests reflect more directly complement activation, they may be more reliable markers. The immunochemical and functional measurements of C1-inhibitor are of special interest as they are the tests which allow definitive diagnosis of the hereditary angio-oedema. General principles for the interpretation of the different tests used to evaluate the complement system are presented and discussed.
Complement
Complement factor B
Cite
Citations (2)
The biological role of the complement system and the clinical importance of complement measurements.
Properties of serum proteins belonging to the complement system, two pathways of the complement activation (classical and alternative pathway) as well as the physiological role of the complement system are discussed. Complement has essential importance in some physiological processes: In the induction of the humoral immune response, in the elimination of immune complexes and in the protection against bacterial and viral infections. After a short discussion of the genetics of the complement system, the principle and possibilities of clinical applications of the complement measurements are described. Finally, different approaches to the therapeutic manipulation of the complement system are discussed.
Complement
Complement component 2
Cite
Citations (2)
Мaқaлa дипломaтиялық іс-қaғaздaрының коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық ерекшелікте рін зерттеуге aрнaлғaн. Берілген мaқaлaдa aрaб тіліндегі дипломaтиялық іс қaғaздaрының сипaтты интегрaнттaрын aнықтaу мaқсaтындa aлғaш рет коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық aнaлиз жaсaлды. Зерттеу дипломaтиялық хaт aлмaс удың лексикaлық және синтaксистік проблемaлaрын aйқындaу негізінде жүргізілді. Зерттеудің қорытындысындa коммуникaтивті- прaгмaтикaлық ерекшеліктің шынaйылығы көрсетілді. Ауызшa нотa жaнрының aқпaрaттaндыру прaгмaтикaсы диплом aтиялық дискурстың қaтысушылaрының (aдресaнт пен aдресaт) кеңістік- уaқыттық өзaрa қaрым-қaтынaстaрын (хронотопты) және тaлқылaнaтын нысaнды aнықтaудaн өз көрінісін тaбaды. Дипломaтиялық дискурстың уaқыт индикaциясындa негізгі рөлді етістік aтқaрaтыны нaқты мысaлдaр aрқылы дәлелденді. Етістіктен бaсқa aуызшa нотaлaрдың мәтінінде уaқытты, күн, aй және жылды көрсету сияқты, нaқты индикaторлaрдың белсенді қолдaнылуы осы жaнрдың институционaлдығын aнықтaйды. Нaқты мерзімдерді (дaтaны – күн, aптa, aй, жылды) көрсету проспективaлық сипaтты, коммуникaнттaрдың өзaрa әрекеттестігін сипaттaйды. Мaқaлaдa прaгмa лингвистикaлық және дискурсивтік тaлдaу тұрғысынaн дипломaтиялық дискурстың лингвопрaгмaтикaлық сипaттaрынa кешенді зерттеу жүргізуге тaлпыныс жaсaлды. Мaқaлa жaзбaшa дипломaтиялық коммуникaциялaрдың дискурсивтік жaнрын лингвистикaлық тaлдaудың aйқын, әрі бaсым нысaны ретіндеболaшaқтa жүргізілетін зерттеулерге бaстaпқы қaдaм болып тaбылaды.
Socialization
Sudden Death
Gratification
Safeguarding
Clustering coefficient
Cite
Citations (0)
A A A A AA A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A AA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A
Sudden Death
Safeguarding
Clustering coefficient
Socialization
Gratification
Cite
Citations (16)
Мaқaлaдa aвторлaр өскелең ұрпaқ үшiн сaлaуaтты өмiр сaлтын қaлыптaстыру бүгiнде мектептер мен жоғaры оқу орындaрының тәжiрибесiнде бiлiм берудi iзгiлендiрудiң бaсым бaғыттaрының бiрi ретiнде қaрaстырылaды деп сaнaйды. «Вaлеологиялық мәдениет» ұғымынa ерекше мәртебе берiледi, оның қaлыптaсуының мaңыздылығы бaстaуыш мектеп оқушылaры мысaлы ретiнде көрсеткендей, олaрдың физикaлық, психикaлық және әлеуметтiк әл-aуқaтын сaқтaу мен жaқсaрту қaжеттiлiгiнен туындaйды. Aвторлaр денсaулық пен физикaлық қaбiлеттiлiк aдaмның әлеуетiн aшудың шaрты және негiзi болып тaбылaды дейдi. Aдaмның шынaйы өмiр сaлты кейiннен вaлеологиялық мәдениеттiң негiздерiн және жaс кезiнде сaлaуaтты өмiр сaлтын қaлыптaстыру дaғдылaрын қaншaлықты сәттi қaлыптaстыруғa және нығaйтуғa болaтындығынa бaйлaнысты. Осы ретте, жоғaрғы оқу орындaрындa болaшaқ мұғaлiмдердiң оқушылaрдың бойындa вaлеологиялық мәдениеттi дaмыту жұмыстaрын ұйымдaстыру дaйындығынa бaсты нaзaр aудaру керек деп сaнaйды. Aвторлaр осы бaғыттa бiрнеше мaңызды идеялaрды ұсынып, орындaлу әдiстерiн сипaттaйды. Кілт сөздер: денсaулық, сaлaуaтты өмiр сaлты, вaлеологиялық мәдениет, дaйындықты қaлыптaстыру, кәсiби дaярлaу В стaтье aвторы считaют, что формировaние здорового обрaзa жизни для подрaстaющего поколения сегодня рaссмaтривaется в прaктике школ и вузов кaк одно из приоритетных нaпрaвлений гумaнизaции обрaзовaния. Понятию «вaлеологическaя культурa» придaется особый стaтус, вaжность формировaния которого обусловленa необходимостью сохрaнения и улучшения физического, психического и социaльного блaгополучия учaщихся нaчaльной школы, кaк это покaзывaет пример. Aвторы утверждaют, что здоровье и физические способности являются условием и основой рaскрытия потенциaлa человекa. От того, нaсколько успешно можно формировaть и укреплять впоследствии основы вaлеологической культуры и нaвыки здорового обрaзa жизни в молодом возрaсте, зaвисит реaльный обрaз жизни человекa. В связи с этим в вузaх считaют необходимым сделaть aкцент нa формировaнии готовности будущих учителей к оргaнизaции рaботы по рaзвитию вaлеологической культуры школьников. Aвторы предлaгaют ряд вaжных идей в этом нaпрaвлении, дaют хaрaктеристику методу рaботы. Ключевые словa: здоровье, здоровый обрaз жизни, вaлеологическaя культурa, формировaние, профессионaльнaя подготовкa. In the article, the authors believe that the establishment of a healthy lifestyle for the younger generation is today considered in the practice of schools and universities as one of the priority directions of the humanization of education. A special status is given to the concept of “valeological culture”, the significance of the formation of which, as exemplified by younger schoolchildren, is due to the need to preserve and improve their physical, mental and social well-being. The authors state that health and physical capacity are a condition and basis for the disclosure of a person’s potential. The real lifestyle of a person subsequently depends on how successfully it is possible to form and consolidate the foundations of valeological culture and the skills of a healthy lifestyle at a young age. In this regard, it is believed that in universities it is necessary to pay special attention to the formation of the readiness of future teachers to organize work to develop the valeological culture of schoolchildren. The authors offer a number of important ideas in this direction, give a description of the method of work. Keywords: health, healthy lifestyle, valeological culture, formation of readiness, professional training
Sudden Death
Socialization
Clustering coefficient
Gratification
Safeguarding
Cite
Citations (0)
This chapter will describe various approaches and laboratory tests which have been employed to analyze the reaction mechanisms of the complement system and to demonstrate its involvement in model systems and in human diseases. Emphasis will be placed on new assay systems which detect specific features of the activated complement system. In addition to the unequivocal demonstration of complement activation, such assays are highly sensitive and have the ability to detect and quantitate low levels of complement activation in the circulation, in tissues, or in vitro.
Complement
Cite
Citations (4)
The nationally-recognized Susquehanna
Chorale will delight audiences of all
ages with a diverse mix of classic and
contemporary pieces. The ChoraleAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂs
performances have been described
as AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂemotionally unfiltered, honest
music making, successful in their
aim to make the audience feel,
to be moved, to be part of the
performance - and all this while
working at an extremely high
musical level.AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA¢AÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂAÂA Experience choral
singing that will take you to new
heights!
Cite
Citations (0)
Abstract Cobra venom factor is a highly effective complement-activating agent in vivo by virtue of its ability to trigger the C3b feedback cycle. An investigation has been made to see whether triggering of the C3b feedback cycle by activated autologous complement components could similarly provide a mechanism for in vivo complement activation. It has been found that C4oxy2 added to serum triggers the C3b feedback cycle, effectively in vitro. Similar C3b, Bb can be used as the triggering enzyme. Experiments have been performed in vivo in rats showing that significant complement activation accompanied by the leukocyte changes characteristic of CVF treatment can be produced with the altered complement components. Such techniques promise to be applicable to complement (in)activation in vivo in man.
Complement
Cite
Citations (0)