The cultivation of Acartia tonsa Dana for use as a live food source for marine fish larvae
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Diel and seasonal variations in the abundance, biomass, and production rate of the planktonic copepod community were investigated in the Cananeia Lagoon estuarine system, a mangrove-surrounded estuary located near the southern border of Sao Paulo State, Brazil. On each sampling date, zooplankton samples were collected using a 150-μm-mesh plankton net at intervals of 4 h over multiple 24-h periods from February 1995 to January 1996. Copepods accounted for 68.1%~97.7% (with an annual mean of 84.8%) of the total zooplankton abundance. The copepod community consisted of 37 species; the dominant species were Oithona hebes, O. oswaldocruzi, Acartia lilljeborgi, A. tonsa, Pseudodiaptomus acutus, Parvocalanus crassirostris, Euterpina acutifrons and Temora turbinata. Copepod abundance, biomass, and production rates showed remarkable seasonal variations, being highest in January. Annual mean abundance, biomass, and estimated production rate, using the Hirst-Lampitt model, of copepodites and adults were 3.33 x 104 ± 1.76 x 104 individuals m-3, 19.757 ± 9.776 mg C m-3 and 5.249 ± 3.055 mg C m-3 d-1 (mean ± SD), respectively. The daily mean P/B ratio was 0.20~0.38 d-1. During the study period, the copepod community consisted mainly of the small-sized component: copepods with a total body length less than 1000 μm accounted for 75.1%~99.9% (with an annual mean of 93.1%) of the total copepod abundance. The median individual weight was 0.46~0.95 μg C (with an annual median of 0.63 μg C), and copepods weighing less than 1 μg C dominated the biomass and production rate, constituting 28.7%~68% (with an annual mean of 52.1%) and 43.3%~79.7% (with an annual mean of 66.1%) of the copepod community biomass and production rate, respectively.
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The zooplankton abundance and composition of the Patos Lagoon Estuary (PLE) reflects the local hydrological regime with alternating periods of flood, freshwater run-off and mixing of water. However, little is known about the interannual zooplankton variations and secondary productivity of this community. We sampled zooplankton monthly at two stations within the estuary from April 2009 to March 2013. The brackish/marine calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa was found to play an important role in the PLE, with secondary production values of 1.17 mg C m−3 day−1 being comparable with the high values achieved in other estuaries worldwide. During the study period, the greatest change in the community structure was observed in the spring-summer under El Niño influence when the prolonged terrestrial run-off combined with higher temperatures allowed the establishment of a freshwater community that was largely composed of the calanoid copepod Notodiaptomus incompositus, cyclopoids and cladocerans. The freshwater copepod N. incompositus, which replaced A. tonsa, was second in importance with regard to production (mean 0.13 C m−3 day−1). Our work emphasizes the ecological importance of long-term zooplankton monitoring studies and provides the first assessment of N. incompositus production.
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