Epidemiology of enteric adenoviruses 40 and 41 in acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children in the tokyo area
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82/2 223 stool specimens, collected 1982–1988, from children with enteritis (3.7%) were found to contain adenoviruses; 17 adenovirus-positive samples were provided from other institutes. 89 adenoviruses were isolated in Graham 293 cells from these 99 specimens and were typed by DNA restriction enzyme analysis with Sma I. 37 strains were typed as adenovirus 40 (AD40), and 37 strains as adenovirus 41 (Ad41). Although most strains had the same DNA profiles, a few strains had 3 kinds of different electropherotypes generated by Sma I. Five strains were identified as adenovirus 31. The remaining 10 strains were adenovirus 1 (2 strains), adenovirus 2 (3 strains), adenovirus 3 (1 strain), adenovirus 5 (1 strain), and a non-classified adenovirus (3 strains). Ad40 and Ad41 infections were found throughout the year, but peaked between September and November. 80% of the children with adenovirus infections were > 2 years of age. The highest incidence of diarrhea caused by Ad40 or Ad41 was in 6–11 months old children. 1982–1984, the rate of Ad40 infection was 91.7%, while the rate of Ad41 infection was only 8.3%. The prevalence of Ad40 infection gradually diminished from 1985. During 1987 and 1988 the reverse ratios, 20.6% and 79.4%, respectively, of Ad40 and Ad41 infections were observed. Thereafter, Ad41 infection became predominant.Keywords:
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
Strain (injury)
Acute gastroenteritis
Mastadenovirus
Adenovirus infection
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Serum samples from 68 immunocompetent infants (mean age, 12.6 months) with an acute adenovirus infection of the respiratory tract (39 experiencing their first adenovirus infection) were tested for the presence of adenovirus DNA, to investigate whether viral dissemination via the blood is usually present in the immunocompetent patient. Using a nested polymerase chain reaction assay, adenovirus DNA could be detected in acute-phase serum samples from 28 (41%) children. Adenovirus DNA was never found in follow-up serum samples, indicating a short period ( approximately 1 week) of viral dissemination. In children experiencing their first adenovirus infection, viral DNA could be detected in 72% of the acute-phase serum samples collected within the first week after onset of symptoms. Adenovirus DNA could also be detected in 25% of the acute-phase serum samples from patients with reinfection.
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
Respiratory tract
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Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques for detection of adenovirus in stools were developed. The first, which is group-specific, detects the 35 established adenovirus types and, in addition, enteric adenoviruses associated with infantile gastroenteritis. The second technique, which is type-specific, selectively detects enteric adenovirus. The efficiency of these techniques was assayed on nine coded stool specimens from Glasgow children. Eight of nine was classified as adenovirus by the group-speicific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The six enteric adenovirus specimens were antigenically distinct from each of the 35 established adenovirus types but not from each other. They are suggested to represent a new adenovirus serotype which appear to be associated with gastroenteritis without clear-cut respiratory symptoms.
Mastadenovirus
Adenovirus infection
Acute gastroenteritis
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Infection of cells with adenovirus lead to a characteristic reorganization of all cytoskeleton systems, starting with alterations at the microtubuli of the cells. During this progress, the flat, extended, and polar morphology of the cytoskeleton became nonpolar and rounder. These rearrangements were initiated before the appearance of adenovirus structural proteins hexon and fiber, as well as before the shutoff of host protein synthesis. We conclude that these alterations reflect a specific reorganization rather than an unorganized breakdown of the cell during adenovirus infection.
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
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Numerous studies have shown that adenovirus infection constitutes a major cause of acute febrile respiratory-tract disease in military recruits.1,2Most recruit adenovirus infections are produced by type 4 virus, and to a lesser extent by types 3 and 7 viruses. The impact of adenovirus infection on recruit populations is large in terms of high respiratory-tract disease morbidity, hospitalization, and costly disruption of military training.3For this reason there is an urgent need for effective immunoprophylaxis. The first experimental inactivated adenovirus vaccines prepared in monkey-kidney tissue culture were extremely effective in preventing adenovirus disease.4,5However, subsequent production lots of similar vaccines exhibited a variable degree of potency. In some instances very little protection was conferred.3 In addition there has been considerable difficulty in producing adenovirus vaccines which are free of simian virus contamination. The most troublesome of the simian viruses has been simian virus 40 (SV 40).
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Mastadenovirus
Adenovirus infection
Respiratory tract
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Acute gastroenteritis
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
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The initial recognition and binding of adenovirus vector to the host cell surface is mediated by interaction between the adenovirus fiber knob protein and its receptor, the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR). This natural tropism of adenovirus vector needs to be ablated in order to achieve targeted gene transfer. To this end, we noted that adenovirus serotype 40 (Ad40) contains two distinct long and short fibers; the short fiber is unable to recognize CAR, while the long fiber binds CAR. We generated adenovirus serotype 5-based mutants with chimeric Ad40-derived fibers, which were composed of either long or short shafts together with CAR binding or nonbinding knobs. The capacity of these adenovirus mutants for in vitro and in vivo gene transfer to liver cells was examined. In the case of primary human hepatocytes displaying a high expression level of CAR and alphav integrin, both CAR binding ability and fiber shaft length played important roles in efficient transduction. Most significantly, the high transduction efficiency observed in the liver and spleen following intravenous administration of adenovirus vector was dramatically reduced by both ablation of fiber-CAR interaction and the use of replaceable short fiber. In other tissues displaying a low level of transduction, no significant differences in transduction efficiency were observed among adenovirus vector mutants. Furthermore, incorporation of a 7-lysine-residue motif at the C-terminal end of CAR-nonbinding short fiber efficiently achieved transduction of target cells via the heparan-containing receptor. Our results demonstrated that the natural tropism of adenovirus in vivo is influenced not only by fiber-CAR interaction but also by fiber shaft length. Furthermore, our strategy may be useful for retargeting adenovirus to particular tumors and tissue types with specific receptors.
Transduction (biophysics)
Coxsackievirus
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
RGD motif
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Adenovirus type 2 mRNAs were injected via glass capillaries into Vero cells, a line of African green monkey kidney cells permissive for adenovirus growth. Polypeptides synthesized after injection were labeled with 35S-labeled amino acids, precipitated with antiviral sera, and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both early and late viral mRNAs give rise to authentic polypeptides. The in vivo translation of mRNAs can be measured as late as 24 hr after injection. The ability to analyze the protein products of microinjected mRNAs directly should greatly extend the applications of the procedure. Vero cells injected with early mRNA from adenovirus type 2 support the growth of adenovirus-associated virus, a defective virus that is dependent on adenovirus helper functions. This result demonstrates that a measurable biological activity, the ability to overcome the defectiveness of adenovirus-associated virus, resides in early adenovirus mRNA.
Vero cell
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
HEK 293 cells
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82/2 223 stool specimens, collected 1982–1988, from children with enteritis (3.7%) were found to contain adenoviruses; 17 adenovirus-positive samples were provided from other institutes. 89 adenoviruses were isolated in Graham 293 cells from these 99 specimens and were typed by DNA restriction enzyme analysis with Sma I. 37 strains were typed as adenovirus 40 (AD40), and 37 strains as adenovirus 41 (Ad41). Although most strains had the same DNA profiles, a few strains had 3 kinds of different electropherotypes generated by Sma I. Five strains were identified as adenovirus 31. The remaining 10 strains were adenovirus 1 (2 strains), adenovirus 2 (3 strains), adenovirus 3 (1 strain), adenovirus 5 (1 strain), and a non-classified adenovirus (3 strains). Ad40 and Ad41 infections were found throughout the year, but peaked between September and November. 80% of the children with adenovirus infections were > 2 years of age. The highest incidence of diarrhea caused by Ad40 or Ad41 was in 6–11 months old children. 1982–1984, the rate of Ad40 infection was 91.7%, while the rate of Ad41 infection was only 8.3%. The prevalence of Ad40 infection gradually diminished from 1985. During 1987 and 1988 the reverse ratios, 20.6% and 79.4%, respectively, of Ad40 and Ad41 infections were observed. Thereafter, Ad41 infection became predominant.
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
Strain (injury)
Acute gastroenteritis
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BackgroundRespiratory infections caused by adenovirus (HAdV) are common year round. Recently, a significant increase of adenoviral infections was observed in Taiwan. ObjectiveTo understand the prevalence and molecular epidemiology of respiratory adenovirus circulating in Taiwan for the past decade. Study DesignOne hundred and twenty-six human adenoviruses, isolated between 2002 to 2011, were characterized via DNA sequencing of the hexon and fiber genes. The nucleotide sequences were then compared by phylogenetic analysis. ResultsHAdV-B3 accounted for 64.3% (81/126) and peaked almost every year, whereas the sequences of hexon and fiber genes of HAdV-B3 were highly conserved in different years. A high incidence of co-infection of adenoviruses was observed (19.0%, 24/126); HAdV-B3 co-infected with HAdV-C2 was the most common combination (58.3%, 14/24). An additional interesting finding of repeated infection was noted in 10 children, all of whom showed first infection with adenovirus species HAdV-C, followed by species HAdV-B or HAdV-E. ConclusionsHAdV-B3 was the predominant type of respiratory adenovirus circulating in Taiwan over the past ten years. This merits further attention for vaccine development. Furthermore, the observed high-incidence of adenoviral co-infections along with repeated infections found in our study provides important epidemiological insights into adenovirus infections.
Adenovirus infection
Mastadenovirus
Molecular Epidemiology
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