Synthesis of Needle-like and Flower-like Zinc Oxide by a Simple Surfactant-free Solution Method
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Abstract Single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) with needle-like and flower-like morphologies has been successfully synthesized by decomposition of Zn(OH)42− in aqueous solution at 90 °C. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and zinc source are important factors in determining the phase and morphology of ZnO. When using zinc acetate as the zinc source at 90 °C for 90 min in an oil bath, ZnO with the needle-like morphology was obtained. Whereas using zinc nitrate as the zinc source, ZnO with flower-like morphology was produced.Keywords:
Zinc nitrate
Morphology
Both hexagonal zinc and wurtzite zinc oxide were deposited on p-type silicon substrate by the electrodeposition with an aqueous solution of zinc nitrate-6-hydrate near room temperature. Zinc dominates the growth at higher current density, and zinc oxide dominates the growth at higher deposition temperature. The optical emission from zinc and zinc oxide nanostructures are observed from microphotoluminescence spectra.
Zinc nitrate
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Zincate
Zinc nitrate
Ammonium chloride
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Zinc sulfide
Chemical bath deposition
Zinc nitrate
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Zinc selenide
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The morphology of ZnO films electrodeposited from zinc(II) nitrate solution depends on the reactant concentrations and the deposition current density. The relationship between the film morphology and suitability for application in dye-sensitized solar cells was evaluated, and it was observed that a leaves-type morphology obtained at low current density and high zinc(II) nitrate concentration gives the best performance, related to a high accessible surface area for dye adsorption.
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Abstract Single-crystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) with needle-like and flower-like morphologies has been successfully synthesized by decomposition of Zn(OH)42− in aqueous solution at 90 °C. The reaction temperature, reaction time, and zinc source are important factors in determining the phase and morphology of ZnO. When using zinc acetate as the zinc source at 90 °C for 90 min in an oil bath, ZnO with the needle-like morphology was obtained. Whereas using zinc nitrate as the zinc source, ZnO with flower-like morphology was produced.
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Morphology
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Close spacing bio-surfactant tertiary composite flooding pilot test indicated, compared to tertiary composite surfactant system without adding bio-surfactant, usage of sulphonate surfactant and cost of injected chemical decreased respectively by 1/2 and 30% for bio-surfactant tertiary composite system, which is formed by rhamnoilpid bio-surfactant and sulphonate surfactant. The ultra-low interface tension value between flooding system and crude oil reached 10-3mN/m, and recovery factor for central well site and that for overall area increased by 23. 24% and 16. 34% , respectively.
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Zinc oxide thin films were deposited by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique using different Zinc precursors: Zinc acetate, Zinc nitrate and zinc chloride with different molarities. All deposited films were characterized by various techniques such as X-ray diffraction to determine the films structure, the scanning electron microscopy SEM for the morphology of the surfaces and UV visible spectroscopy to determine the optical proprieties.The obtained results indicated that ZnO nano-crystalline films have a hexagonal structure at type wurtzite for all Zinc precursors. Films deposited with zinc acetate are characterized by a smooth surface, dense network and high transparency, while films deposited with zinc chloride and Zinc Nitrate have a better crystallinity and low optical transmittance.
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ZnO is one of the main materials used in thin film coating due to its low cost and advantageous properties. The aim of this study is to examine the optical, morphological and structural properties of zinc oxide thin films coated with ultrasonic spray pyrolysis(USP) technique. ZnO thin films were grown at 450°C using different precursor solutions such as zinc acetate and zinc nitrate. Glass substrate was used in these processes. 0.1M and 100 ml solutions were prepared. Growth orientations according to XRD patterns are (002). Bandgap values for zinc acetate and zinc nitrate were measured as 3.25 eV and 3.13 eV, respectively. In addition, as can be seen from the SEM images, the ZnO grain size of the films obtained with the zinc acetate salt is smaller than that of the zinc nitrate. Finally, the amount of oxygen in ZnO films varies depending on different solutions and zinc salts.
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Wurtzite crystal structure
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Abstract ZnS films are formed by spray method using various zinc sources such as zinc acetate (Zn(CH 3 COO) 2 ), zinc sulfate (ZnSO 4 ), zinc nitrate (Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ), zinc iodide (ZnI 2 ), zinc chloride (ZnCl 2 ), zinc acetyl (Zn(acac) 2 ). ZnS film using zinc iodide is sharp spectrum and zinc sulfate is broad spectrum by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD spectra indicates that ZnS using zinc chloride and zinc iodide at 100 °C the source of zinc to zinc acetate and zinc nitrate at 200 °C, zinc acetyl at 300 °C, zinc sulfate at 400 °C can be confirmed. These results are consistent with the difference in the instability constants of each zinc source. The ionization of Zn becomes difficult with increasing the instability constant of zinc sources. Reaction is slow due to low ionized zinc in solution. Therefore, it is considered that ZnS films are hard to crystallize at low substrate temperature. The grain size becomes large with decreasing the instability constant. It is considered that this is proportional to the amount of zinc ions in solution. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
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