The effect of exogenous sugar solution and high concentration of CO2 on the contents of sugar and protein ofBetula platyphylla leaves
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1. Peacock butterflies, Inachis io , were tested experimentally for their preferences for nectar sugars. 2. In tests with different plain sugar solutions (25%, weight to total weight) the butterflies strongly preferred sucrose and fructose over glucose. They also preferred sucrose over fructose. 3. In tests with mixed sugar solutions the butterflies clearly preferred both sucrose‐dominant (sucrose : hexoses = 5 : 1) and balanced sugar solutions (sucrose : glucose : fructose = 1 : 1 : 1) over hexose‐dominant sugar solutions (sucrose : hexoses = 1 : 5). 4. Females consumed significantly more of the balanced sugar solution than did males. 5. These results are discussed with respect to previous experiments on nectar preferences of butterflies, nectar sugar composition of butterfly‐pollinated flowers, and flower preferences, physiological and reproductive aspects of butterflies.
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To further our understanding of sugar accumulation in 'Shiranuhi' mandarin [(C. unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulate], we investigated the patterns of sugar uptake in juice sacs exposed to different concentrations of sucrose, fructose and glucose in vitro. Data was also collected on the change in weight and shape of the in vitro juice sacs over time. Soluble solids content, sugar content and acidity content were highest at 20% sucrose, fructose and glucose solution content; while fructose content was highest at 5% sucrose concentration. Furthermore, the juice sac's fresh weight was highest at 5% sucrose and lowest at 20% fructose content. The shape of the juice sacs also differed in different sugar concentration and type. Overall, sucrose, fructose and glucose content in juice sacs increased with the sugar concentration. These results suggest that sugar translocation into juice sacs is actively induced by high sugar concentration in the medium. Thus, it can be concluded that sugar and acid accumulation in juice sacs increased with sugar concentration in vitro culture.
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ABSTRACT Influence of sugar and mixtures of sugar on color retention of two varieties of blackberries, Thornfree and Cacanska bestrna, were investigated during storage at −18C for 12 months. After harvest, blackberries were coated with sugars (sucrose, fructose and glucose) and different sugar (sucrose + fructose + glucose, fructose + glucose, fructose + sucrose) mixtures. Anthocynin content, total phenol content and free radical scavenging activity of prepared samples were evaluated. Ratio of fruit : sugar was 1:1. The highest anthocyanin retention was in blackberry samples with glucose addition and the lowest in samples with sucrose addition, in both cultivars. Blackberry samples with sucrose addition had even lower retention than samples without sugar addition. Samples with an addition of other sugars had higher retention of anthocyanin than samples stored without sugars. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Possibility of phenols retention of blackberries due to sugar addition, during cold storage was investigated. Results showed that glucose had the most positive effect on anthocyanins retention as well as total phenolic compounds content. For that reason, certain amount of sucrose in fruit preserves can be replaced by addition of glucose, and for that reason retention of phenolic compounds can be higher and, as could be expected, more effective against oxidative stress in human body due to intake of product formulation with glucose.
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Seven triploid seedless watermelon cultivars,including 6 red and 1 yellow flesh,were sampled to determine their fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents in different parts of the fruit.Fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents of 3 uncut red flesh seedless watermelon cultivars were assayed after 2 month storage at room temperature.The results showed that fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents were significantly different among cultivars and parts of seedless watermelon fruits.The fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents in heart portion were higher than portion near rind.The correlation between fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents in different parts was significantly(P 0.01).The losses of fructose,glucose,sucrose and total sugar contents were different among uncut seedless watermelons after 2 months storage at room temperature.The losses of fructose and total sugar contents in different parts of fruits were 20%-80%,the losses of glucose were 10%-60% and the losses of sucrose were 1%-25%.The ratio of fructose ∶ glucose ∶ sucrose of yellow-flesh and red-flesh watermelon fruit in ripen stage were about 6 ∶ 3 ∶ 1 and 5 ∶ 3 ∶ 1, respectively.
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SummaryFrequency of dancing by returning honeybees (Apis mellifera) was shown to be positively correlated with concentration of sugar solution they had collected. Also, sucrose resulted in more dances than fructose, which in turn led to more dances than glucose.Amounts of these three sugars collected, when offered alone and in various combinations, showed sucrose to be the most acceptable sugar and glucose to be generally the least acceptable. However, at concentrations of 40% and 50% bees collected larger loads of glucose than of fructose. Mixtures of equal parts sucrose, glucose and fructose were collected in loads not significantly different in volume from other mixtures of these sugars.
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The content of total sugar,sucrose,fructose and protein in the leaves of 3-yr.-old Betula platyphylla was measured after the treatment by three exogenous sugar solutions(sucrose,fructose,glucose) and three high concentrations of CO2(700,1400,2100μL·L^-1) for about a month in 1998.The results showed that spraying three exogenous sugar solutions increased markedly the content of sugar and protein of leaves under 700μL·L^-1 and 1400μL·L^-1 CO2.The effect of spraying exogenous sucrose solution was the best among the three exogenous sugars.The treatment of spraying exogenous sugar solution and 2100μL·L^-1 CO2 constrained the accumulation of total sugar and protein of leaves.There was no difference in protein content of leaves when spraying glucose and fructose solutions under 700μL·L^-1 and 1400μL·L^-1 CO2.The treatrnent of 2100μL·L^-1 CO2 concentration significantly increased the contents of total sugar,sucrose,fructose,and protein of leaves compared with that of the 700μL·L^-1 and 1400μL·L^-1 CO2 except the plants spraying fructose solution.there was positive correlation between the content of sugar of leaves and CO2 concentration when spraying same exogenous sugar solution.
Betula platyphylla
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The contents of fructose, glucose, sucrose and total sugar of watermelon fruits with eight groups of different ploidy including diploid (2x), triploid (3x) and tetraploid (4x) were measured. The results showed that the fructose, glucose, sucrose and total sugar contents were divergent in different ploidy watermelon as follows: total sugar and fructose maked the same trend, 4x3x2x; glucose, 4x2x3x; sucrose, 3x4x2x.
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Germ plasm
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The different developmental stages of tomato fruit processing various grain of glucose,fructose and sucrose content determinated.The results showed that the sugar content was different in the different growth stages and different ear.The glucose and fructose in green maturities,to the lowest fruit mature reached the highest amount against.Sucrose content in the green maturities were always turn to color and then slowly drops.The composition of the highest average sugar glucose,fructose,sucrose at least.Different kinds of processed tomatoes in different periods in different fruit sugar content changes.
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