Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Essential Oils from Different Parts of Leonurus japonicus Houtt.
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The herb and fruits of Leonurus japonicus Houtt., named “Yimucao” and “Chongweizi”, respectively, in Chinese, have been widely used in China as gynecological medicines. The components of the essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation were investigated by GC-MS. The antibacterial activity of the essential oils was determined by micro-dilution assay. The results showed large variations in the chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the oils. The oil of “Yimucao” showed antibacterial activity against various Gram-positive bacteria and consisted mainly of sesquiterpenes and diterpenes, with phytone, phytol, caryophyllene oxide and β-caryophyllene being the most significant constituents, whereas the oil of “Chongweizi”, mainly made up of bornyl acetate and aliphatic hydrocarbons, was inactive in the antibacterial assay. Further study of the main compounds in “Yimucao oil” showed that β-caryophyllene had wide-spectrum activity against Gram-positive bacteria.Keywords:
Caryophyllene
Phytol
AbstractAbstractGold crest (Cupressus macrocarpa Hartw) and Sodom apple (Calotropis procera Aiton W.T. Aiton) essential oils have distinctive biological properties, so, they can be used in drug and food industries. Harvest seasons play basic functions in the metabolism of essential oils. Due to the evidence of previous studies reported that growing seasons lead to various diversity in the essential oils and their components which reflects on its biological effects; so, the aim of current investigation was to evaluate the essential oils isolated from gold crest and Sodom apple young shoots during winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons. Essential oils were isolated by hydro distillation and analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Obtained results were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance. Results showed that Gold crest and Sodom apple essential oils production are related to harvest seasons. The maximum values of both essential oil contents were resulted from samples harvested during spring season. Neral and E-phytol were the major components of gold crest and Sodom apple essential oils, respectively. Oxygenated monoterpenes was the major fraction of gold crest essential oil, while the main fraction of Sodom apple essential oil was oxygenated diterpenes. The highest amount of neral was produced from spring samples, while summer samples resulted in the maximum value of oxygenated monoterpenes. The greatest amounts of E-phytol and oxygenated diterpenes were recorded with the samples harvested in winter season. This trial avails as indication for selecting suitable season to produce essential oil according to constituents of benefit.Keywords: Essential oilgold crestSodom appleneralE-phytol
Phytol
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Abstract Essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves of Acalypha fruticosa Forssk (Euphorbiaceae) was analysed by GC and GC-MS methods. Forty components were identified in the oil which totally constituted 97.4 %. The oil is characterized by the abundance of caryophellanes with β-caryophyllene (42.0 %), α-humulene (11.1 %), isocaryophyllene (4.3 %) and caryophyllene oxide (5.2 %). Trans-phytol (15.2 %) is the second major component of the oil. This is the first report of the isolation and characterization of the essential oil from an Acalypha genus.
Phytol
Euphorbiaceae
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Abstract The effect of 5 levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) on herb yield, content and composition of essential oil of Tagetes minuta was studied in Tehran, Iran. Application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased the herb yield, content and percentages of constituents of essential oil of T. minuta. The largest fresh and dry herb yields (70 and 29 t/ha, respectively) and the highest essential oil content (1.16%) were obtained from the plots that received 200 kg N/ha. GC and GC-MS analyses of the essential oil showed that different levels of nitrogen had significant effect on the essential oil constituents of T. minuta. The major components of the essential oil were: p-cymene (4.1–5.0%), limonene (7.5–9.3%), dihydrotagetone (42.5–57.1%), (E)-tagetone (2.3–9.2%), (Z)-tagetone (14.9–17.9%), (Z)-ocimenone (0.8–4.6%) and (E)-ocimenone (2.0–5.1%). Key word index: Tagetes minutanitrogen applicationherb yieldessential oil compositiondihydrotagetone
Tagetes
Nitrogen fertilizer
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S u m m a r y The studies conducted in 2007–2008 were aimed to assess how the developmental stage of common oregano affected the quality and quantity of the herb yield. The field experiment was established with the use of random blocks in four repetitions. Oregano was grown from seeding produced in a greenhouse. Herbage harvest of one-year-old plants was conducted before flowering, in budding phase, at the beginning of flowering and in the full flowering phase. The yield of fresh and air dry herb yield and then the contents of essential oil was determined. The oil was chemically analyzed with the use of GC/MS method. It was demonstrated that the best term for oregano raw material harvest was the full flowering stage of the plants. In this period the yields of fresh and air dry weights as well as the essential oil contents were the greatest. The oil from the herb collected in the initial phase of flowering had the largest number of components, whereas the oil obtained in the budding phase had the smallest. The predominant components of oregano oil were: sabinene, germacrene D, E-caryophyllene, (Z)-β-ocimene and γ-terpinene. The examined oil also contained phenol compounds: thymol and carvacrol – highly bactericidal and fungicidal substances.
Sabinene
Carvacrol
Caryophyllene
Thymol
Origanum
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This study was carried out at Ankara ecological conditions in 2012. In experiment, Melissa officinalis ssp. officinalis were used as plant material and leaf and herb samples were taken at different 3 growth stages (before flowering, beginning of flowering and full flowering) with three replications. After drying samples in the shade, the essential oils were extracted by hydro-distillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The results indicated that essential oil content and its compositions were significantly influenced by growth stages. Essential oil content was varied from 0.06% to 0.13% and from 0.03 to 0.08% in leaf and herb, respectively and the highest essential oil content was recorded at before flowering stage in leaf and herb. In the other hand, caryophyllene oxide was detected as the main component in both leaf and herb at all growth stages, excepting leaf at before flowering. So, it’s recommend that in Ankara conditions, Melissa officinalis should be harvested at before flowering stage in terms of essential oil content and its composition.
Melissa Officinalis
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Abstract Essential oil was isolated from three local varieties and three advanced breeding lines of coriander by hydro-distillation of whole herbs and leaves at vegetative and flowering stages and analyzed by GC. The essential oil yields varied from 0.03 to 0.06 ml/100g in case of whole herbs and from 0.04 to 0.12 ml/100g in leaf samples. Altogether 26 compounds were identified with decanol, (E)-2-decen-1-ol, decanal, (E)-2-undecen-1-ol, (E)-2-dodecenol and (E)-2-tetradecenal as the major compounds. The percentage of identified compounds ranged from 83.92 to 96.45% except in one herb oil (Surabhi, vegetative stage), which was 75.44%. Significant compositional differences were observed between herb oils and leaf oils both at vegetative and flowering stages.
Decanal
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The work carried out on hitherto unknown chemical composition of essential oil isolated from leaf of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) and evaluation of its in vitro antioxidant activity is reported. Essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus was found to contain 27 volatile compounds by GC-FID and GC-MS analyses. Identification of 25 constituents comprising 98.1 % of essential oil was done using NIST library and Wiley GC-MS library. This was further supported by the comparison of the reported retention indices with those determined. Confirmation of structural assignment of 13 compounds in leaf essential oil was done by co-injection with the authentic compounds. The compounds identified in essential oil include alcohols (32.1 %), phenols (16.6 %), aldehydes (16.2 %), fatty acids (15.7 %), alkanes (8.3 %), esters (3.2 %), terpenes (1.2 %), and other classes of compounds (4.8 %). Major components of the leaf essential oil were hydroquinone (16.6 %), 2-hexenal (14.2 %), palmitic acid (14.1 %), 2-hexen-1-ol (11.5 %) and phytol (11.4%). The essential oil demonstrated strong 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity (IC50= 25±0.3 µg/mL). It also showed dose dependent reducing power activity. Total phenolic content of this essential oil was shown to be 28±0.4 mg GAE/g fresh leaves. This study demonstrates the strong potential of T. cordifolia leaf essential oil as a natural antioxidant.
Phytol
Terpene
Kovats retention index
Tinospora cordifolia
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This study describes the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition and evaluates the antibacterial activity of essential oil from Eugenia platysema leaves. Analysis by GC–FID and GC–MS allowed the identification of 22 compounds. Different from the other species of the Eugenia genus, the major compound found in the essential oil was the diterpene phytol (66.05%), being this the first report of the presence of this compound in the essential oils from Eugenia genus. The sesquiterpene elixene was the second most concentrated compound in the studied essential oil (9.16%). The essential oil from E. platysema was tested for its antibacterial activity against cell-walled bacteria and mollicute strains of clinical interest using the microdilution broth assay. The results showed that the essential oil of E. platysema was inactive until 1000 μg mL−1 against tested bacteria.
Phytol
Broth microdilution
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Abstract Nitrogen fertilizers had significant effects on the dry herb yield, of one-year-old of Agastache foeniculum plant. The results of hydro distillation of the dry herb of A. foeniculum in the Clevenger-type apparatus showed the following results: The highest essential oil content (2.88 %) was extracted from the herb of plants which received 100 kg/ha nitrogen and the lowest essential oil content (2.1 and 2.3 %) isolated from the herbs that received 50 kg/ha nitrogen and control treatment (0 kg/ha nitrogen) respectively. According to the GC and GC-MS analyses, it could be concluded that nitrogen fertilizers significantly affected on the essential oil compositions of Agastache foeniculum such as camphen, p-cymene, β-pinene and α-guaiene. Amount of methyl chavicol as the main composition of the essential oil was 95, 94.5, 94.2, 94.5 and 95.5 % from the herb which received 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha nitrogen fertilizer respectively.
Foeniculum
Apiaceae
Nitrogen fertilizer
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Thymus linearis (Benth. ex Benth), commonly known as Himalayan thyme, is used extensively in folk medicines, food-flavours due its extract and aromatic constituents. The impact of plant densities on dry herb productivity and quality essential oil of T. linearis, as well as the effect of drying procedures on essential oil quality, were investigated in this study. Six plant spacing and four drying methods were applied. The plant densities have significant effect on dry herb (p<0.1) and essential oil yield (p<0.01) of T. linearis. Total 28 compounds were identified, forming 95.1–98.9% of composition. Phenolic monoterpenoids (41.7–59.0%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (29.8–47.5%); with thymol (36.6–53.9%), γ-terpinene (17.7–24.1%) and p-cymene (3.8–17.0%) were the major constituents. The yield of dry herb and essential oil in thyme influenced by plant densities. Results showed that narrower spacing produces higher grain and quality essential oils in thyme as compared to wider spacing.
Thymol
Monoterpene
Thymus vulgaris
p-Cymene
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