Chemical composition and evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from leaves ofEugenia platysema
Adrielli TenfenDiogo Alexandre SiebertCelina Noriko YamanakaCaio Maurício Mendes de CórdovaDilamara Riva ScharfEdésio Luiz SimionattoMichele Debiasi Alberton
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Abstract:
This study describes the qualitative and quantitative chemical composition and evaluates the antibacterial activity of essential oil from Eugenia platysema leaves. Analysis by GC–FID and GC–MS allowed the identification of 22 compounds. Different from the other species of the Eugenia genus, the major compound found in the essential oil was the diterpene phytol (66.05%), being this the first report of the presence of this compound in the essential oils from Eugenia genus. The sesquiterpene elixene was the second most concentrated compound in the studied essential oil (9.16%). The essential oil from E. platysema was tested for its antibacterial activity against cell-walled bacteria and mollicute strains of clinical interest using the microdilution broth assay. The results showed that the essential oil of E. platysema was inactive until 1000 μg mL−1 against tested bacteria.Keywords:
Phytol
Broth microdilution
Nerolidol
Phytol
Nerol
Biocatalysis
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The essential oil from the leaves of Phyllanthus salviaefolius H. B. K. (Euphorbiaceae) collected in February 2007 at Mucurubá (Mérida State) was analyzed by GC/MS. The yield of oil extracted by hydrodistillation was 0.005%. Sixteen components were identified, which represent 94.6% of the oil. Phytol (21.5%), β-citronellol (17.7%), trans-geraniol (13.5%), cis-3-hexenol (12.6%) and 1-hexanol (11.3%) were the most abundant components.
Citronellol
Euphorbiaceae
Phytol
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A new cassane-type diterpene isovouacapenol E (1) was isolated from the leaves of Caesalpinia pulcherrima, together with the known compounds caesaldekarin A (3), spathulenol (4), caryophyllene oxide (5), phytol, and sitosterol. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectral data interpretation.
Phytol
Caesalpinia
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The cis- and trans-structures assigned to nerol and geraniol respectively have been confirmed.
Nerol
Phytol
Geranylgeraniol
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Phytol
Aesculus hippocastanum
Saponification
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Nerolidol
Phytol
Homologous series
Citronellol
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Background. The fragrance terpene geraniol forms sensitizing compounds via autoxidation and skin metabolism. Geranial and neral, the two isomers of citral, are the major haptens formed in both of these activation pathways. Objectives. To investigate whether testing with oxidized geraniol detects more cases of contact allergy than testing with pure geraniol. Patients and methods. The pattern of reactions to pure and oxidized geraniol, and metabolites/autoxidation products, was studied to investigate the importance of autoxidation or cutaneous metabolism in contact allergy to geraniol. Pure and oxidized geraniol were tested at 2.0% petrolatum in 2227 and 2179 consecutive patients, respectively. In parallel, geranial, neral and citral were tested in 2152, 1626 and 1055 consecutive patients, respectively. Results. Pure and oxidized geraniol gave positive patch test reactions in 0.13% and 0.55% of the patients, respectively. Eight of 11 patients with positive patch test reactions to oxidized geraniol also reacted to citral or its components. Relevance for the positive patch test reactions in relation to the patients' dermatitis was found in 11 of 14 cases. Conclusions. Testing with oxidized geraniol could detect more cases of contact allergy to geraniol. The reaction pattern of the 14 cases presented indicates that both autoxidation and metabolism could be important in sensitization to geraniol.
Autoxidation
Citral
Contact Allergy
Terpene
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Finding the optimal patch test material and test concentration to detect contact allergy to geraniol
Background. Geraniol is a commonly used fragrance terpene, and is tested in the baseline series in fragrance mix I. Geraniol is a pro‐hapten and a pre‐hapten, and sensitizers are formed in the autoxidation and skin metabolism of geraniol. Previous patch testing with air‐exposed (oxidized) geraniol has suggested that oxidized geraniol could be a better marker for contact allergy to geraniol than pure geraniol. Objectives. To find the optimal patch test substance and concentration for detecting contact allergy to geraniol. Patients and methods. Six hundred and fifty‐five patients were patch tested with pure and oxidized geraniol at 4.0%, 6.0% and 11.0% in petrolatum. Before patch testing, the irritant properties of pure and oxidized geraniol were studied in 27 patients at 2.5%, 5.0%, 10.0% and 20.0% pet. Results. Pure geraniol detected positive reactions in 0.15–1.1% of the patients, and oxidized geraniol detected positive reactions in 0.92–4.6% of the patients. Reactions to pure geraniol in patients not reacting to oxidized geraniol indicated metabolic activation of geraniol. Neither pure nor oxidized geraniol gave significant irritant reactions. Conclusions. Increasing the test concentrations of pure and oxidized geraniol enables the detection of more cases of contact allergy. Oxidized geraniol detects more patients than pure geraniol, but patch testing with only oxidized geraniol does not detect all cases of contact allergy to geraniol.
Contact Allergy
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Nerolidol
Geranylgeraniol
Nerol
Phytol
Neopentane
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Geraniol is a widely used fragrance terpene, and is included in fragrance mix I. Geraniol is prone to autoxidation, forming the skin sensitizers geranial, neral, and geraniol-7-hydroperoxide. Oxidized geraniol has previously been patch tested in 1 clinic, giving 1% to 4.6% positive reactions in consecutive patients when tested at 2% to 11%.To compare test reactions to pure and oxidized geraniol, to compare 2 different test concentrations of oxidized geraniol and to investigate the pattern of concomitant reactions to fragrance markers of the baseline series in a multicentre setting.One thousand four hundred and seventy-six consecutive patients referred for patch testing were patch tested with geraniol 6% pet. and oxidized geraniol 6% and 11% pet.Pure geraniol 6% pet., oxidized geraniol 6% pet. and oxidized geraniol 11% pet. gave 1%, 3% and 8% positive patch test reactions and 0.7%, 3% and 5% doubtful reactions, respectively. Approximately 50% of the patients with doubtful reactions to oxidized geraniol 6% pet. had positive reactions to oxidized geraniol 11% pet.Oxidized geraniol 11% pet. provides better detection than oxidized geraniol 6% pet. As most patients reacted only to oxidized geraniol, it is important to explore further whether oxidized geraniol should be included in a baseline patch test series.
Contact Allergy
Irritant contact dermatitis
Hand dermatitis
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