Some Effects of an Anionic Sodium Sulfonate Type Surfactant upon Plant Growth1
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Crop fill rates are measured as an indirect means of assessing management during the brooding phase. Primary breeder guidelines indicate that 95% of the chicks assessed should present a crop that is full, soft, and rounded after 24 h, which indicates chicks have successfully located feed and water. Crop fill progression has received little attention in the scientific literature and is primarily discussed in trade literature, and thus, the dynamic nature of crop fill progression has not been previously characterized. This study examined the role of 2 market weight stocking density treatments (29.3 kg/m
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HOW MAIZE BECAME THE DOMINANT FOOD CROP IN AFRICA Maize and Grace: Africa's Encounter with a New World Crop 1500–2000. By JAMES C. MCCANN. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii+289. $27.95 (ISBN 0-674-01718-8). - Volume 48 Issue 1
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Abstract No‐till planting of soybeans [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] is a widespread practice in the midwestern and southern U.S.A. However, the vast majority of this hectarage is double‐crop soybeans planted in wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) or another small grain after grain harvest. Occasionally, soybeans have been planted in a chemically‐controlled winter cover crop. Little work has been reported on the possible merits of planting soybeans in a grass sod, which would offer the advantages of reduced soil erosion hazards and greater flexibility in soybean production systems. Field studies were designed to investigate the success of no‐till soybean production in forage sod. The soils representing different sites and experiments were Weir silt loam (Typic Ochraqualf), Stoy silt loam (Aquic Hapludalf), Alford silt loam (Typic Hapludalf), and Ebbert silt loam (Argiaquic Argialboll). Soybeans were planted in a tall fescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) sod for 4 years at the Carbondale location, and for 2 years in Kentucky bluegrass ( Poa pratensis L.) at the Belleville location in southern Illinois. When rainfall was adequate, no‐till soybean production in grass sods was highly successful, with yields as much as 4,308 kg/ha in tall fescue in 1977 and 4,704 kg/ha in tall fescue and 4,119 in Kentucky bluegrass in 1979. In the 2 years of plentiful moisture, adjusted herbicide rates allowed persistence or autumn regrowth of up to 40% of the forage grass, which could be an important factor regarding autumn and winter grazing and erosion control. The best herbicide treatments in these studies for allowing a combination of soybean yield and forage grass persistence or regrowth was paraquat (1, 1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridinium ion) alone at 0.6 kg/ha, paraquat at 0.6 kg/ha in combination with metolachlor [2‐chloro‐ N ‐(2‐ethyl‐6‐methylphenyl)‐ N ‐(2‐methoxy‐1‐methylethyl) acetamide] at 3.4 or 4.5 kg/ha or with mefluidide{ N ‐[2,4‐dimethyl‐5‐[[trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl] amino] phenyl] acetamide} at 0.6 kg/ha. Another promising combination was glyphosate [ N ‐(phosphonomethyl) glycine] at 1.1 kg/ha plus metribuzin [4‐amino‐6‐ tert ‐butyl‐3(methylthio)‐ as ‐triazin‐5 (4 H )‐one] at 1.1 kg/ha. All of these treatments resulted in no‐till soybean yields exceeding 4,000 kg/ha, when growing season rainfall was adequate, and tall fescue maintenance or regrowth resulting in 25 to 40% sod cover in the autumn.
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Banana, besides being an important food crop capable of yielding on an average 20,000 to 25,000 lb. of food per acre in a year, is also a valuable money crop. The intensive cultivation of bananas is practised mostly for its fruits. Its cultivation for the purpose of leaves, except in parts of the Tanjore district and to a very little extent in Tiruchira- palli district, is not known anywhere else. In other parts of the State, one or two ratoon crops of bananas for bunches are taken after the main plant crop; subsequent to this, all the suckers of the harvested plants are allowed to grow for about four to six months and the leaves are harvested. When the crop is intended for fruits, removing even a single leaf from the plant is strongly objected to by the ryots as it would affect the size and weight of the bunch. Hence the leaves are cut only from the side suckers or from the plantation which is proposed to be destroyed and replanted. In the Tanjore district round about Thiruvayar and in parts of Papanasam taluk, bananas are cultivated for the sake of the leaves. The crop stands in the field for two years. A crop of bunches is taken in the first year plant crop; the ratoon crop, subsequent to the harvest of bunches, is the one for the leaves. The leaf crop in the second year fetches more profit than the first year bunch crop. Such cultivation for the purpose of the leaves extends to abont 2,000 acres in the above places,
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Perennial crops undersown in cereals provide ground cover from harvest of the cereal crop to sowing of the next crop. Such cover crops can e.g. reduce soil erosion, nutrient leaching and N fertiliser requirements of the succeeding crop. The objective of this thesis was to develop guidelines on how to prevent grain yield losses due to competition from the perennial crops or to increase the yield of the main crops. The effects of species and time of undersowing of perennial crops in spring cereals, and the management of an intercropping system in which winter oilseed rape or consecutive crops of winter wheat were established in a remaining crop of white clover, were studied. The biomass of undersown cover crops by the time of the harvest of spring barley was significantly reduced with each delay in the undersowing, but the increase in biomass during autumn was generally not affected. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) reduced the grain yield by 6 and 1%, respectively, but may both be suitable as cover crops with the appropriate main crop, time of undersowing and seed rate. Undersown white clover (Trifolium repens L.)/perennial ryegrass mixtures kept soil mineral N as low as pure ryegrass and improved the residual effect. This suggests that clover in the cover crops may reduce the N fertiliser requirements of the succeeding crop without increased N leaching. Grain yields were smaller in the wheat/clover system than with wheat alone when the wheat was direct drilled and larger when sown after stubble cultivation. Direct drilled wheat and rape yielded more with clover varieties less adapted to the cold climate than with varieties in common use in the area. Grain yield increased, weeds were efficiently controlled and the white clover crop maintained by applying herbicides that mainly act as germination inhibitors when a third consecutive wheat crop had 1–2 leaves. It was possible to conclude that (1) the tillage performed in conjunction with the sowing of wheat, (2) the weed control practice, and (3) the choice of clover variety, have large effects on the yield of the winter annuals in the intercropping system.
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Lolium multiflorum
Intercropping
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Sorghum bicolor
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Remarkable success of plant introduction in China were achieved.In this paper,253 introducted crops in China were compiled in accordance with food crop,economic crop,vegetable crop,fruit crop,forage and green manure crop,medicine crop and forest crop.In the meantime,304 cultivated species under 253 crops introduced from abroad were compiled.
Field crop
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Secale
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Avena
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Chillies, though classified as a minor crop under condiments and spices, form one of the most valuable crops in the Madras Presidency as it is a daily necessity with both the rich and poor alike. The crop with its wide-spread cultivation and the varied uses in an Indian house-hold leads one to think that it is in- digenous, but on the other hand it is an introduced one having its home in South America. It is cultivated as an irrigated crop in the south and as a rain-fed crop in the north of the presidency. Guntur is one of the important chilli centres in the Circars. The present article is mainly confined to the cultivation of the chilli-crop in the Guntur District.
Presidency
Crop cultivation
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