Winter legumes in rice crop rotations reduces nitrogen loss, and improves rice yield and soil nitrogen supply
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Crop Rotation
Upland rice
Nitrogen deficiency
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A field experiment was conducted in central-eastern Poland in the years 1999-2003. It analyzed the effect of catch crop green fertilizers on soil humidity in a three-year-long crop vegetable rotation (white cabbage, onion, red beet). Oats, field pea and spring vetch cultivated in pure sowing and as mixtures were used as green fertilizers. The effect of green manures was compared with ploughed in farmland manure in the dose of 25 t·ha and the control without any organic fertilization. White cabbage was grown in the first year after organic fertilization, onion – in the second and red beet – in the third.
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Results of researches on studying of field crop rotations in long stationary experience are presented in the article. The purpose of researches — to reveal influence of various fallows (clear, borrowed and green manure) on productivity of a winter rye, efficiency of parts of a crop rotation, stabilization of soil fertility, and to reveal economically effective parts of a crop rotation. In crop rotations with high saturation by grain crops (1982...1987) the best predecessors for a winter rye were clover of the first and second years of use, and vetch-oat fallow. Saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 66 and 83% reduced productivity of a winter rye by 0.16...0.19 t/ha. During period of biologization of agriculture (1988...1993) clover of the second year of using remained the best predecessor. Under meteorologically adverse conditions productivity of a winter rye raised on 1.7 t/ha on green manure vetch-oat fallow. Under conditions of adaptive landscape agriculture (1996...2001) at entering of low dozes of fertilizers (NPK)30 productivity of a winter rye has made 3.54...4.67 t/ha without essential distinctions on predecessors. In eight-field crop rotation (2002.2009) productivity raised on the borrowed fallows (a mix with white mustard and red clover for green manure) by 0.87...1.37 t/ha. Efficiency of crop rotations due to green manure and borrowed fallows raised by 15.8...35.6%. At saturation of crop rotations by grain crops up to 83.4% the humus balance was negative. At introduction of borrowed and green manure fallows at ploughing up to 30 t/ha of green mass the humus balance became positive. The increase of the humus content in a winter rye fields for 8 years of rotation has made 0.31...0.60 t/ha in dependence of exact predecessor. The greatest profitability of production was in crop rotations with green manure fallows (107.3...111.4%). For increase of efficiency of crop rotations and preservation of soil fertility the wide introduction of crop rotations with borrowed and green manure fallows with legumes and crucifers crops is necessary.
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nt seasons even without the application of further fertilizer. In this study soil samples were taken and analyzed for soil nutrient content and smallholder farmers of associated agricultural fields were interviewed to understand farmer’s motivations to adopt the agricultural practice of crop rotation. The collected data was combined with spatial information derived from satellite imagery and compared to farmer interview responses. The results provide information on crop rotation cycles, soil N, P and K content and farmer’s motivation for 120 agricultural fields in Dassari, Benin. Data shows no significant correlation between year of fertilizer application, soil nutrient content or crop cycle used for rotation. This study therefore contradicts the hypothesis of the positive effect of residual fertilizer on crop yield and questions the application of chemical fertilizer for sustainable ecosystem restoration. Results of this study can be used by projects in development cooperation to train smallholder farmers in more sustainable agricultural practices to restore soil fertility and increase crop yield in order to strengthen food security and fight land degradation in the West African Sudanian Savanna belt and get closer to achieving SDG2 and SDG15.
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Background Developing an appropriate crop rotation scheme is one of the most challenging tasks for sustainable agriculture. Farmers should develop a rotation plan with both the needs of the farm and the needs of the sustainable system in mind. Crop rotation should provide effective weed control by (i) alternating between crops, (ii) including plants adapted to mechanical weed control, or with (iii) allelopathic properties, including (iv) leguminous crops and (v) crops with fibrous root systems to improve soil structure. Crop rotation should also provide an effective insect and disease control .
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The results and conclusions from an unfertilized organic vegetable rotation are presented. It is discussed how catch crops, green manure crops and deep rooted crops have all been important tools in maintaining the fertility during the 9-year rotation experiment. The results indicate that these methods have helped to direct the available nitrogen towards crop use, by concentrating available nitrogen in upper soil layers and making nitrogen mainly available in the spring rather than in the autumn. Soil measurements indicate that soil N fertility has been increasing during the 9 years.
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One of the main constraints of organic vegetable production is lack of available N, which causes reduced yields and quality of the to the crops. Therefore, we started an organic vegetable crop rotation in 1996 where we could study the possibilities for improved N utilisation. The N supply to the crops is based on the effects of nitrogen catch crops, green manure crops and crop sequences aimed at a high utilisation of precrop effects, whereas no input of any manures are made. Measurements and experiments have been made within the crop rotation to test the effectivenes of the N strategies used.
The results show that it have been possible to maintain good yields of the crops in the rotation. Yields of leek and carrot have been as high as in conventional cropping. Yields of onion, cabbage, green peas, and the two spring barley crops included in the crop rotation have been lower, but still good by organic standards.
The measurements of N dynamics show that autumn soil cover is an important part of the N strategies. Whether the autumn soil cover is a green manure, a catch crop, or crop residues left growing after harvest, it makes N available in the spring rather than in the autumn, and the available N is found closer to the soil surface. The results also show, that when it is not possible to establish an autumn soil cover, it is important to grow deep rooted crops in the next year, to recover some of the N leached to greater soil depths. Finally, undersowing of legumes in spring cereals have been found to be an attractive method, allowing both a grain cash crop and an effective green manure to be grown within the same year.
All together, the results show that limited N supply do not have to be a main constraint to organic vegetable production, especially as organic farms have the possibility to combine strategies as those used in our crop rotation together with whatever resources of organic manures may be available to them.
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The aim of this research was to explain the effect of different green manures as winter cover crops and their combination with cattle manure on soil properties, weeds and crop yields in five-field crop rotation experiment of three different organic cropping systems.
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Crop rotations and the inclusion of cover crops and green manures are primary tools in the sustainable management of soil-borne diseases in crop production systems. Crop rotations can reduce soil-borne disease through three general mechanisms: (1) serving as a break in the host-pathogen cycle; (2) by altering the soil physical, chemical, or biological characteristics to stimulate microbial activity and diversity; or (3) directly inhibiting pathogens through the release of suppressive or toxic compounds or the enhancement of specific antagonists. Brassicas, sudangrass, and related plant types are disease-suppressive crops well-known for their biofumigation potential but also have other effects on soil microbiology that are important in disease suppression. The efficacy of rotations for reducing soil-borne diseases is dependent on several factors, including crop type, rotation length, rotation sequence, and use of the crop (as full-season rotation, cover crop, or green manure). Years of field research with Brassica and non-Brassica rotation crops in potato cropping systems in Maine have documented the efficacy of Brassica green manures for the reduction of multiple soil-borne diseases. However, they have also indicated that these crops can provide disease control even when not incorporated as green manures and that other non-biofumigant crops (such as barley, ryegrass, and buckwheat) can also be effective in disease suppression. In general, all crops provided better disease control when used as green manure vs. as a cover crop, but the addition of a cover crop can improve control provided by most rotation crops. In long-term cropping system trials, rotations incorporating multiple soil health management practices, such as longer rotations, disease-suppressive rotation crops, cover crops, and green manures, and/or organic amendments have resulted in greater yield and microbial activity and fewer disease problems than standard rotations. These results indicate that improved cropping systems may enhance productivity, sustainability, and economic viability.
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