Adiposity Gain During Childhood, ACE I/D Polymorphisms and Metabolic Outcomes
Anne‐Louise PonsonbyLeigh BlizzardAngela PezicJenny CochraneJustine A. EllisRuth MorleyJoanne L. DickinsonMichèle M. SaleStephen M. RichardsTerence Dwyer
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We aimed to (i) determine the relative importance of childhood gain in upper body adiposity for insulin resistance (IR) and triglyceridemia (TG); (ii) examine whether the associations between adiposity and metabolic indices were more evident in those with the ACE DD genotype. We examined a birth cohort study of 292 children with measures in the neonatal period (day 4) including subscapular and triceps skinfolds; repeat skinfold measures at age 8, cardiorespiratory (CR) fitness, IR by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) equation (HOMA‐IR) and serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations and measures of ACE I/D gene variants. A multiple linear regression analysis incorporating a life course approach was undertaken. Childhood gain in upper body adiposity was positively associated with HOMA‐IR and TG independently of neonatal skinfolds ( P ≤ 0.02). The magnitude of these associations was higher among those of the ACE DD genotype. For example, subscapular skinfold gain was not strongly associated with HOMA‐IR or TG among those with II or ID genotype ( b = 0.03, P = 0.05; b = 0.02, P = 0.18 respectively) but was positively associated among those with the DD genotype ( b = 0.11, P = 0.001; b = 0.08, P = 0.003); difference in effect P = 0.05; P = 0.01 respectively. Upper body fat accumulation during childhood was positively associated with HOMA‐IR and TG independently of neonatal skinfolds. Further, the stronger associations for those with the ACE DD genotype is consistent with randomised controlled trial findings that ACE inhibition is associated with a reduced risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Further work is required to confirm and extend these findings.Abstract Aims A recent scientific statement suggests clinicians should routinely assess cardiorespiratory fitness using at least non-exercise prediction equations. However, no study has comprehensively compared the many non-exercise cardiorespiratory fitness prediction equations to directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness using data from a single cohort. Our purpose was to compare the accuracy of non-exercise prediction equations to directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness and evaluate their ability to classify an individual's cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods The sample included 2529 tests from apparently healthy adults (42% female, aged 45.4 ± 13.1 years (mean±standard deviation). Estimated cardiorespiratory fitness from 28 distinct non-exercise prediction equations was compared with directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness, determined from a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Analysis included the Benjamini–Hochberg procedure to compare estimated cardiorespiratory fitness with directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness, Pearson product moment correlations, standard error of estimate values, and the percentage of participants correctly placed into three fitness categories. Results All of the estimated cardiorespiratory fitness values from the equations were correlated to directly measured cardiorespiratory fitness (p < 0.001) although the R2 values ranged from 0.25–0.70 and the estimated cardiorespiratory fitness values from 27 out of 28 equations were statistically different compared with directly-measured cardiorespiratory fitness. The range of standard error of estimate values was 4.1–6.2 ml·kg−1·min−1. On average, only 52% of participants were correctly classified into the three fitness categories when using estimated cardiorespiratory fitness. Conclusion Differences exist between non-exercise prediction equations, which influences the accuracy of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness. The present analysis can assist researchers and clinicians with choosing a non-exercise prediction equation appropriate for epidemiological or population research. However, the error and misclassification associated with estimated cardiorespiratory fitness suggests future research is needed on the clinical utility of estimated cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Abstract Purpose: Cancer survivors’ exposure to chemotherapeutic agents leads to multiple long-term side effects with a decrease in their cardiorespiratory fitness. The first aim was to determine whether cardiorespiratory fitness and physical activity levels were lower among survivors than healthy Canadians, while the second aim was to report associations between genetic variants and cardiorespiratory fitness in survivors. Methods: Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2peak) and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) were compared between childhood ALL survivors (N=221) and healthy Canadians (N=825). We performed whole-exome sequencing in survivors. Germline variants (both common and rare) in a selected set of trainability genes were analyzed for an association with cardiorespiratory fitness. Results: Survivors’ VO2 peak was found to be 22% lower than healthy Canadians. The cardiorespiratory fitness level was different between survivors and healthy Canadians despite a clinically equivalent level of MVPA. Positive associations between the cardiorespiratory fitness level and trainability genes (TTN, LEPR, IGFBPI, and ENO3 genes) were reported, especially in female survivors with a low cardiorespiratory fitness level. Conclusion: The cardiorespiratory fitness was significantly lower in survivors, which can be associated with variants in genes related to subjects’ trainability. At this time, it appears that more physical activity would be beneficial to survivors to achieve the same benefits as the healthy population. However, the optimal amount of physical activity needed to reach these benefits is not yet clear. The survivors’ responder or nonresponder status several years after the end of the treatments is unknown. This study has important implications for the field of exercise in oncology. Citation Format: Maxime Caru, Kateryna Petrykey, Mariia Samoilenko, Simon Drouin, Valérie Lemay, Laurence Kern, Lucia Romo, Patrick Beaulieu, Pascal St-Onge, Laurence Bertout, Geneviéve Lefebvre, Gregor Andelfinger, Maja Krajinovic, Caroline Laverdière, Daniel Sinnett, Daniel Curnier. The need to improve exercise prescriptions to support care in pediatric oncology [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on the Advances in Pediatric Cancer Research; 2019 Sep 17-20; Montreal, QC, Canada. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(14 Suppl):Abstract nr B62.
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Obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness exhibit negative and positive impacts, respectively, on executive function. Nevertheless, the combined effects of these two factors on executive function remain unclear. This study investigated the combined effects of obesity and cardiorespiratory fitness on response inhibition of executive function from both behavioral and neuroelectric perspectives. Ninety-six young adults aged between 18 and 25 years were recruited and assigned into four groups: the high cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NH), high cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OH), low cardiorespiratory fitness with normal weight (NL), and low cardiorespiratory fitness with obesity (OL) groups. The stop-signal task and its induced P3 component of event-related potentials was utilized to index response inhibition. The participants with higher cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NH and OH groups) demonstrated better behavioral performance (i.e., shorter response times and higher accuracy levels), as well as shorter stop-signal response times and larger P3 amplitudes than their counterparts with low cardiorespiratory fitness (i.e., the NL and OL groups). The study provides first-hand evidence of the substantial effects of cardiorespiratory fitness on the response inhibition, including evidence that the detrimental effects of obesity might be overcome by high cardiorespiratory fitness.
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen active muscle and the ability of muscles to use oxygen for energy production during continuous physical activity . The subject of research are studies published in the period from 2000 to 2016, focused on the connection between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The aim of this survey is to collect the relevant literature on cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as to clarify whether there is a relationship of morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The systematic review included 25 studies . Based on the results, it can be concluded that the correlation between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness is significant, especially if viewed from the perspective of the health status of man . This speaks to the fact that modern trends in society positive because it cares about the physical fitness man the right path to a healthy lifestyle.
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The aim of this of systematic review paper was to determine whether there is a correlation between the level of nutrition and cardiorespiratory fitness in the student population. The collected papers date from the period between 2000 and 2018. The sample included both male and female students with different levels of nutrition. The analyzed studies determined the differences and changes in BMI in relation to cardiorespiratory fitness. The studies had a criterion that showed differences in nutritional level and cardiorespiratory fitness and changes in BMI and cardiorespiratory fitness. Research has shown that there are significant differences in the level of nutrition of students and their physical fitness. Students with higher BMI had poorer results on cardiorespiratory fitness tests. With the increase in BMI, the VO2max values (maximal oxygen consumption values) are reduced. Higher BMI also adversely affects other physiological parameters. Moreover, there is a high correlation between BMI levels and cardiorespiratory endurance. Students included in the systematization, with their lower body composition values, showed better results on cardiorespiratory endurance tests. Increased body mass can lead to poorer results on physical fitness tests.
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This study aimed to systematically review the association between cardiorespiratory fitness and telomere length (TL). Studies were identified from searches in Cochrane Central, PubMed, Scopus, Sportdiscus, and Web of Science databases through July 2019. Eligibility criteria included: cross-sectional, prospective, and experimental study design; outcomes included TL; results expressed the relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and TL; studies published in English, Portuguese, or Spanish. A total of 20 articles met the inclusion criteria. Sixteen studies (80%) reported a significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, or training load, and TL. Better cardiorespiratory fitness or a large cardiorespiratory training load are associated with an increase in TL. Although, TL was related to regular moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness in older healthy humans, it was not related to cardiorespiratory fitness among young subjects. There seems to be a positive and significant relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and TL, mainly among middle age and older people, which emphasizes the importance of cardiorespiratory fitness for healthy ageing. Therefore, endurance exercise and better cardiorespiratory fitness may regulate the TL in middle age and older adults, slowing the cellular ageing process.
Aerobic Exercise
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Background Sedentary behaviour is a major risk factor for developing chronic diseases and is associated with low cardiorespiratory fitness in adults. It remains unclear how sedentary behaviour and different physical activity subcomponents are related to cardiorespiratory fitness in children. The purpose of this study was to assess how sedentary behaviour and different physical activity subcomponents are associated with 10–14 year-old schoolchildren's cardiorespiratory fitness. Methods 135 schoolchildren (81 girls, 12±1 year) completed 7-day minute-by-minute habitual physical activity monitoring using triaxial accelerometers and undertook a maximal cardiorespiratory fitness test. Results After controlling for sex, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status and total wear time, light physical activity (1.5–2.9 METs) was negatively associated (β = −.24, p<.01) and hard physical activity (≥9 METs) positively associated (β = .45, p<.001) with cardiorespiratory fitness. Vigorous and hard physical activity were associated with cardiorespiratory fitness for boys (F = 5.64, p<.01) whereas light, moderate and hard physical activity were associated with physical fitness for girls (F = 10.23, p<.001). No association was found between sedentary time and cardiorespiratory fitness (r = −.13, p>.05). Sedentary to active transitions revealed little variability between cardiorespiratory fitness tertiles. Conclusions Hard physical activity (≥9 METs) holds greater potential for cardiorespiratory fitness compared to physical activity of lower intensities. There was no relationship between sedentary behaviour and cardiorespiratory fitness. These findings suggest that, for children, advice should focus on higher intensity physical activity and not sedentary behaviour as a means to maintain or improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Future research should explore longitudinal relationships between hard physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness and health parameters.
Sedentary lifestyle
Metabolic equivalent
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Treadmill
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Cardiorespiratory fitness is the ability of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems to supply oxygen active muscle and the ability of muscles to use oxygen for energy production during continuous physical activity . The subject of research are studies published in the period from 2000 to 2016, focused on the connection between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The aim of this survey is to collect the relevant literature on cardiorespiratory fitness, as well as to clarify whether there is a relationship of morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness of students . The systematic review included 25 studies . Based on the results, it can be concluded that the correlation between morphological characteristics and cardiorespiratory fitness is significant, especially if viewed from the perspective of the health status of man . This speaks to the fact that modern trends in society positive because it cares about the physical fitness man the right path to a healthy lifestyle.
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Background and Objectives: Cardiorespiratory fitness is an important predictor of cardiovascular and cardiometabolic health. To extend our knowledge on the health effects associated with cardiorespiratory fitness, the objective of this study was to evaluate the association of cardiorespiratory fitness on memory function. Materials and Methods: Embase/PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Sports Discus, and PsychInfo databases were searched. Inclusionary criteria included: (1) were conducted among adult humans (18+ years), (2) evaluated cardiorespiratory fitness as the independent variable, (3) measured cardiorespiratory fitness with an objective device (e.g., indirect calorimetry), (4) evaluated memory function (any type) as the outcome measure, and (5) included either a cross-sectional, prospective, or experimental-study design. Information on the participant’s characteristics, study design, cardiorespiratory fitness assessment, memory type, whether the study statistically controlled for exercise behavior, and study results were extracted. The relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness and memory was synthesized while considering the data extraction parameters. Results: In total, 17 articles met the inclusionary criteria, including two prospective cohort studies and 15 cross-sectional studies. The main findings of this review are twofold: (1) across the 17 evaluated studies, 15 (88.2%) studies demonstrated some evidence of a positive association between cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and memory function, and (2) none of these 17 studies statistically controlled for physical activity behavior. Conclusion: CRF appears to be positively associated with memory function, however, it is uncertain as to whether this association occurs independently of physical activity or is mediated via physical activity behavior.
Association (psychology)
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