Citric Acid Production by Aspergillus niger on Corn Distillers` Grains with Solubles
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Solid-state cultivation (SSC) may be defined as growth of microorganisms on a solid support impregnated or not with a nutrient solution in near absence of free-water conditions. The use of sugarcane bagasse as a support for SSC usually demands that the particles are impregnated and moistened with nutrient solution. Vinasse is the main wastewater of ethanol fermentation-distillation. As there are no reports of the use of wastewater for moistening solid supports in SSC, the proposal is the development of an innovative process, with valuation of these by-products. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate SSC of Aspergillus niger using sugarcane bagasse and vinasse for citric acid production. The results indicate that citric acid production and glucose consumption are dependent on oxygen availability, which can be modulated by selection of bed height and air-flow in packed-bed bioreactors.
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3 Abstract: Two starchy substrates like pumpkin and cane molasses were selected for citric acid fermentation by using gamma ray induced mutant strains of 14/20 and 79/20 of A. niger under surface culture condition. Citric acid production was also different with various fermentation media by A. niger 14/20 and 79/20 strains. It was found to increase with the increase of fermentation period and maximum citric acid was found on day 13. In the presence of Prescott salt citric acid production was found lower than the absence of Prescott salt. Without Prescott salt highest values of citric acid production was found in mixed fermentation medium which were about 14.86 mg/ml and 14.44 mg/ml for A. niger 14/20 and 79/20 strains respectively, lowest production of citric acid was found in molasses medium for A. niger 14/20 and 79/20 strains were 7.72 and 7.57 mg/ml respectively. Whereas in the presence of Prescott salt, lowest production of citric acid in Pumpkin medium was found 2.86 mg/ml for A. niger 14/20 and 2.7 mg/ml for A. niger 79/20. Highest amount of citric acid was produced in molasses medium 4.88 mg/ml for A. niger 14/20 on day 13 with the presence of Prescott salt whereas 4.75 mg/ml for A. niger 79/20 strains respectively. Mixed substrate prepared with molasses and pumpkin media was proved to be the best and potential for citric acid production.
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4 Abstract: Aspergillus niger is most commonly known among the various fungal strains screened for citric acid production, when cultivated in carbohydrate-rich medium of fermentation. In the present study, a number of indigenous raw materials such as molasses and jackfruits have been used for citric acid production. The previously isolated gamma-ray induced second step mutants 14/20 and 79/20 of A. niger were reradiated by Co 60 Gamma beam-650 source at a dose rate of 0.674 kGy/hr aiming to further increase the production of citric acid. In absence of Prescott salt and in mixed fermentation medium the highest production of citric acid was found by further mutated. A. niger 14/20 with gamma radiation at 20 Krad which was about 16.16 mg/ml and lowest citric acid production was found in molasses media by further mutated A. niger 14/20 with gamma radiation at 10Krad which was found 9.22 mg/ml on the day 13 but it was higher than that produced by the un irradiated strain. In absence of Prescott salt highest production of citric acid was found by further mutated A. niger 79/20 with gamma radiation at 20 Krad in mixed fermentation medium which was about 15.94 mg/ml. Lowest citric acid production was found in molasses media by further mutated A. niger 79/20 with gamma radiation at 10 Krad which was found 9.08 mg/ml on the day 13 but it was higher than that produced by the un irradiated strains.
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For building a sustainable fermentation process, it is essential to reduce dependence on natural resources and lower the amount of pollution that is created. The reuse of agro-industrial wastewater after possible treatment leads to the achievement of these goals concurrently. This study investigates the production of citric acid and the cellulase enzyme by A. niger cultivated in olive mill wastewater (OMW) using a loofa sponge-packed column bioreactor. The process was conducted under batch conditions using a single-stage packed bioreactor and under continuous operation using two-stage packed-column bioreactors. Citric acid and cellulase enzyme production were enhanced when the culture was supplied with cellulose. Employing loofa sponge slices for cell entrapment/immobilization improved the efficiency of the process. The maximum citric acid concentration achieved was 16 g/L with a yield (YCit.A/BOD) of 38.5% and a productivity of 2.5 g/L/day. When the process parameters were translated into continuous operation employing two loofa sponge-packed column bioreactors, citric acid production was improved significantly to 25 g/L in a steady-state period of 5 days at a production rate of 3.6 g/L/day and an allover yield (YCit.A/BOD) of 57.5%. Cellulases and reducing sugars were continuously supplied to the second-stage bioreactor by the first-stage bioreactor, which in turn enhanced fungal growth and citric acid production.
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To determine which citric acid-producing strain of Aspergillus niger utilized wet corn distillers grains most effectively to produce citric acid.Citric acid and biomass production by the fungal strains were analysed on the untreated grains or autoclaved grains using an enzyme assay and a gravimetric method respectively. Fungal citric acid production on the grains was found to occur on the untreated or autoclaved grains. The highest citric acid level on the grains was produced by A. niger ATCC 9142. The autoclaved grains supported less citric acid production by the majority of strains screened. Biomass production by the fungal strains on the untreated or autoclaved grains was quite similar. The highest citric acid yields for A. niger ATCC 9142, ATCC 10577, ATCC 11414, ATCC 12846 and ATCC 26550 were found on the untreated grains. Treatment of the grains had little effect on citric acid yields based on reducing sugars consumed by A. niger ATCC 9029 and ATCC 201122.It is feasible for citric acid-producing strains of A. niger to excrete citric acid on wet corn distillers grains whether the grains are treated or untreated. The most effective citric acid-producing strain of A. niger was ATCC 9142.The study shows that the ethanol processing co-product wet corn distillers grains could be utilized as a substrate for the commercial production of citric acid by A. niger without treatment of the grains.
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An Aspergillus niger isolate was screened for citric acid production from glucose and the cultural conditions were manipulated for optimum citric acid production. Optimization studies improved citric acid yield by 13.34% from 12.81 g/l obtained during the screening test to 14.52 g/l obtained at the end of the optimization studies. Glucose concentration of 15%, pH of 5.5, methanol at 3% concentration (v/v) and agitation rate of 450 rpm were found to be more suitable for citric acid production by the Aspergillus niger isolate used in this studies. Keywords : Citric acid, Aspergillus niger , Submerged fermentation, cultural conditions
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