Handover in plastic surgical practice: the ABCD principle
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This paper presents an analysis of handover process and its effect on the traffic performance in global mobile personal communications by satellite (GMPCS) systems. With the nongeostationary satellite used for the system, the handover scheme needs to be applied to make calls completed without any interruption. An analytical model is developed for the analysis of the handover process. We derive the mean number of handovers and handover delay with various satellite antenna patterns and different settings of handover parameter. A suitable traffic model of the whole system is also derived after due considerations of the handover process. The system performance measures include new call blocking probability, call dropping probability, and mean number of handovers per call. A computer simulation is developed and used. We also analyze the system performance with a number of handover priority schemes applied. Based on the study results, the handover parameters are selected to maximize the traffic performance. It is shown that we can improve the overall traffic performance of GMPCS system by setting handover parameters properly and using the handover priority scheme.
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Abstract The handover procedure can have a negative impact on the quality of service due to the short break in the connection. This paper proposes a modification of the hard handover procedure to enable reduction of the handover interruption time by exploiting the results of a handover prediction. The prediction of handover allows performing a part of handover procedure in advance to the interruption of a connection caused by the handover. The simulation results show that the proposed handover procedure fulfils requirements on the handover interruption according to the originating IEEE 802.16m standard for a wide range of frame durations. Moreover, the proposed technique outperforms conventional handover and all well‐known proposals shortening the handover interruption as well. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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In this paper, we propose a new Generalized Distribution-Based Handover (DBHO) to deal with the inefficient utilization of spectral resources due to the non-uniform cell loads. The DBHO scheme is different from the existing adaptive schemes since it uses a new criterion to initiate handover when moving from/to a congested cell. Two risk factors are used to dynamically change handover boundaries according to the distribution of traffic loads. This controls the handover initiation process such that a user in a congested cell that is moving to a free cell is allowed to initiate a handover to a new cell earlier, as long as the signal received from the target cell is higher than a certain threshold. While delaying the handover initiation process for a user moving in the opposite direction, as long as the signal received from the serving cell is not lower than a certain threshold. Our results show a substantial reduction in the handover and call dropouts rates. Our scheme is complementary to the existing adaptive schemes proposed in the literature. The proposed scheme also gives cellular system designers a new tool to optimize the overall network performance by initiating handovers based on the traffic intensities. Frequent handovers increase the load on switching networks, which consequently degrades the Quality of Service (QoS). Existing handover schemes usually use parameters such as the received signal strength for initiating a handover with some additional measurements to reduce unnecessary handovers and call dropouts. These schemes perform well when cell loads are somewhat evenly distributed, but fail to account for nonuniform traffic, as is often the case in microcells. Hence, it is desirable to design efficient handover schemes to avoid unnecessary handovers, reduce call dropouts and yet dynamically adapt to the variation of traffic among cells. In this paper, we present a new adaptive handover scheme that dynamically changes the handover boundaries to balance cell loads and to effectively reduce the average number of handovers. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Advance directives are invaluable resources during life-threatening situations, yet are often not even completed by nurses. Having a personal advance directive may make it easier for nurses to begin the delicate work of talking about end-of-life care decisions with patients. The purpose of this study was to determine if offering the Five Wishes advance directive to RNs will affect personal advance directive completion and ultimately impact patient advance directive completion. Preintervention data showed that 84% of nurses did not have an advance directive. Reasons stated included too young and too healthy to need it now. Postintervention, 58% totally and 28% partially completed the Five Wishes advance directive; 14% did not complete it at all. The most difficult aspect of completing an advance directive was "what kind of medical care I want and I don't want." RNs believed the experience of completing an advance directive would be useful in their clinical practice (mean, 4.32 [SD, 0.75]). Ninety-nine percent of participants would recommend the use of the Five Wishes. The intervention had no impact on patient advance directive completion. While Five Wishes education to nurses may increase their knowledge and attitudes about advance directive, advance directive completion by nurses is thought to be difficult and time-consuming.
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Advance Care Planning
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A handover scheme based on Elman network is proposed in this paper to reduce link failure and enhance the user experience under LTE-R system. In this handover scheme, we divide the different scenarios and set up corresponding neural network prediction system with which the handover decision parameters like RSRP and RSRQ can be continuously observed and predicted. By correlating past measurement parameters with future handover decisions, we can accelerate the handover execution and optimize the handover process. It can be seen from the experimental simulation results that the Elman-based handover algorithm has a better performance than the gray prediction model- based handover algorithm and is more suitable for the highspeed rail scene with changing geographical environment.
Performance Improvement
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Long Term Evolution (LTE) suffers from 'Cell dragging effect' and 'Pilot pollution' problem which results in inefficient handover performance. While considering the Reference Signal Received Strength (RSRP) of the serving and target cells for making handover decision, the problem of 'Cell dragging effect' occurs. It is a condition where a user entered into the coverage of a target cell still not handed over from the serving cell since he sees better RSRP from serving cell. 'Pilot pollution' is a condition where the power transmitted from many different cells appears in a location but none is significantly better than others. This paper proposes an algorithm to address the issue of 'Cell dragging effect' and 'Pilot pollution'. It considers user equipment moving direction and dwell time of the target cells for implementing handover. The target cell is selected such that the considered factors are in favor to the corresponding target cell which in turn yields an efficient handover performance. A comparative analysis is done between 'conventional coverage based handover' and the 'Dwell Time and Predicted Mobility Based Handover Algorithm' (DPH). The simulation results show that the DPH scheme performs better than the traditional handover algorithm as it reduces the number of handovers.
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Administration and supervision are supporting tools for achieving educational goal. Likewise also the purpose of school education can also be achieved if there is a systimatic and continous administration and super vision activities. Super vision theory from perspective of the approachused begins with directive supervision. But after seeing the axxistence of supervision ineffctiveness, the directive then emerged the teory of non directive supervision. But, after seeing the existence of supervision ineffectiveness, the directive then emerged the theory of non directive supervision. The ineffectiveness of directive supervision because directive supervision does not give teachers the opportunity to develop their abilities aand creativity, full responsibility is on the supervisor, so the supervisor is dominnt. This is one of the factors behind the birth of the ssupervisor directive.
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