Sustainable control of iodine deficiency in Iran: Beneficial results of the implementation of the mandatory law on salt iodization
Fereidoun AziziR. SheikholeslamMehdi HedayatiParvin MirmiranH MalekafzaliMasoud KimiagarMohammad Pajouhi
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Objective To find out the status of prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders and evaluate the iodine nutritional status of Jinan residents,to explore appropriate iodine level in drinking water,and to provide a scientific basis for adjustment of intervention strategies.Methods According to the Monitoring Program of the National Iodine Deficiency Disorders (Trial),qualified iodized salt consumption rate,drinking water iodine content and urinary iodine levels of women of childbearing age were determined in iodine deficiency areas from 2003 to 2010.Salt iodine was detected by direct titrimetry,urinary iodine by As-Ce catalytic spectrophotometric assay and iodine in drinking water by cerous sulfate catalytic spectrophotometric method.Results Intake rate of qualified iodized salt was up to 90％ and above from 2003 to 2010,median water iodine was 13.65 μg/L in the 10 counties(cities,districts),of which less than 100 μg/L accounted for 79.82％(4560/5713 ) and ＞ 150 μg/L accounted for 12.73％(727/5713).With the increase of water iodine(0 ～ ＜ 10,10 ～ ＜ 50,50 ～ ＜ 100,100 ～ ＜ 150,150 ～ ＜ 300 and ≥300 μg/L),urinary iodine levels of women of childbearing age increased successively(median 156.56,175.81,267.04,349.00,524.22,583.20 μg/L,respectively,x2 =121.20,P ＜ 0.05),while the ratio of urinary iodine ＜ 100 μg/L was significantly lower.The ratio of urinary iodine between 100 and 300 μg/L was decreased gradually,but the ratio of great than 300 μg/L was gradually increased.Conclusions Iodine deficiency areas in Jinan have reached the standard of elimination of iodine deficiency disorders.We should insist to carry out our measures to suit local conditions,classified guidances and scientific principals of iodine supplementation.
Key words:
Iodine; Salts; Urine; Nutritional status
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Objective To look into the current distribution of iodine deficiency area in Shandong province and to guide the re-defined iodine deficiency area and to supplement iodine scientifically. Methods In 2008, 100 iodine deficiency counties（cities, districts）, designated in Shandong province＇s ＂to supplement iodized salt to eliminate the hazard of iodine deficiency management regulations＂, were selected in the study. One to three samples were collected from water source which was used by the majority of local residents in the 100 iodine deficiency places and iodine concentration was tested by As3＋-Ce4＋ catalyzing spectrophotometry. Results A total of 65 716 water samples were collected. Sample recovery efficiency reached 99.8%（65 572/65 716）. The median water iodine was 5.57 μg/L, with 82.05%（ 1097/1337 ） of the township（town） met criteria for the classification of iodine deficiency areas（water iodine 〈 10 μg/L）, 17.43%（233/1337） of the township （town） water iodine moderate（water iodine 10 - 150 μg/L）, and 0.52%（7/1337）of the township（town） should be defined high iodine areas（water iodine 〉 150 - 300 μg/L）. Conclusions The iodine deficiency areas should be redefined because water iodine concentrations of iodine deficiency areas have changed. We suggest that the smallest place to supply salt with different range of iodine content is set to the township（town）.
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Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Drinking; Data collection
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Severe iodine deficiency causes hypothyroidism that results in impaired somatic growth and motor development in children. Mild and moderate iodine deficiencies cause multifocal autonomous growth of thyroid, which results in thyrotoxicosis. On the other hand, iodine excess is associated with the development of hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity. In areas of iodine deficiency, a sudden increase in iodine intake is associated with transient hyperthyroidism. Recent studies demonstrated that long-term thyroid function of subjects who experienced both iodine deficiency and iodine excess during childhood tended to be abnormal despite optimization of their current iodine intake. Iodine status in the Korean Peninsula is very unique because people in the Republic of Korea have been shown to have predominantly excessive iodine levels, whereas the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is known to be an iodine-deficient area. Further research is warranted to verify the optimal ranges of iodine intake and to clarify the effects of iodine intake on thyroid disorders in the Korean Peninsula. Keywords: Thyroid, Iodine, Hypothyroidism
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According to the detection of hearings ability of children in iodine deficiency areas who was born before and after iodine supplement, the effects of iodine supplement on hearing system development was evaluated.Hearing was tested by AS-72 type pure zone diagnostic audiometer(made in Denmark). Hearing of 11-14 years old students were tested before iodine supplement in iodine deficiency areas in 1984, the control was students living in non-iodine deficiency areas. Iodine salt (50 mg/kg) were supplied by the end of 1984, the hearings of children born after one year of iodine supplied were tested in 1999. The result showed that the average hearing threshold of students before iodine supplied in iodine deficiency areas was significance higher than of non-iodine deficiency areas. The hearing of children born after one year of iodine salt supplied in deficient areas had no significant difference from that of normal areas. The development of hearing system might be deteriorated by iodine deficiency during pregnant. It was able to meet the need of iodine that pregnant women ate 1:20 thousands iodine salt.
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[Objective]To offer the basic data and scientific foundation on control iodine deficiency disorders by investigating residential nutrition level of iodine in Rizhao city.[Methods]Investigation of iodine in drinking water iodine in urine of children aged 8~10 years iodine in urine of the patients with thyroid diseases/status of edible iodized salt was conducted in Rizhao city.[Results]The median of iodine in drinking water in Rizhao city is 4.1 μg/L;the median of iodine in urine of children aged 8~10 years old is 266.1 μg/L;the median of iodine in urine of the patients with thyroid diseases is slightly higher than that in the control group;indexes of household iodine salt reach up the national standard of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders.[Conclusion]Rizhao city belongs to iodine deficiency area,residential nutrition level of iodine reaches up sufficient and slightly high state after implementation program of iodine supplementation.
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32,7% of the population of Novosibirsk consume iodine salt. The median of iodine is revealed 106,8 mkg/l. The iodine deficiency is revealed 46,3%. It is not received an authentic difference in volumes of thyroid gland and parameters of TSH at surveyed with normal parameters of excretion of iodine in urine and at a various degree of expressiveness of iodine deficiency (p>0,05). Structural pathology of thyroid gland equally frequently meets at people with iodine deficiency and without iodine deficiency (p>0,05).
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The human organism depends on exogenic supply of iodine. The alimentary supply with iodine is not sufficient in the GDR. The deficiency leads to an endemic struma. The causes are among others as follows: small geochemical offer of iodine with low iodine content of vegetable and animal products and of drinking water as well as moderate consume of fish. The most favourable possibility as to cost for the abolition of the iodine deficiency is the use of a stable iodized kitchen salt (potassium iodate instead of potassium iodide). The gradual introduction of such a salt is started. Also after the improvement of the iodine supply representatives of human medicine, veterinary medicine and agriculture should in interdisciplinary cooperation devote themselves to the problems of a controlled optimum supply of iodine and the fight against endemic struma.
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Objective To look into the current distribution of iodine deficiency areas in Zibo city and to guide the re-defined iodine deficiency areas in order to supplement iodine scientifically.Methods 8 iodine deficiency counties(cities,districts),and 1 high iodine counties(cities,districts) were investigated in Zibo city according toSupplement iodized salt to eliminate the hazard of iodine deficiency management regulations.One to three samples were collected from water source which was used by the majority of local residents in 8 iodine deficiency areas and iodine concentration was tested by As3+-Ce4+ catalyzing spectrophotometry.Results A total of 3 676 water samples were collected.The median water iodine was 2.0 μg/L,64.71%(88/136) of the township(town) met criteria for the classification of iodine deficiency areas(water iodine10 μg/L),26.47%(36/136)of the township(town) water iodine moderate(water iodine 10~150 μg/L),and 8.82%(12/136)of the township(town) should be defined as high iodine areas(water iodine150~300 μg/L).However,in high iodine areas,9.26%(5/54) township(town) met criteria for the classification of iodine deficiency areas,35.19%(19/54) of the township(town) water iodine moderate,55.56%(30/54) should be defined as high iodine areas.Conclusions The deficiency and high iodine areas should be taken appropriate measures.The township(town) should be set as the smallest place to supply salt with different range of iodine content.
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Thyroid officially retracts the published article by Momčilović B, Prejac J, Višnjević V, Skalnaya MG, Mimica N, Drmić S, Skalny AV entitled, Hair Iodine for Human Status Assessment, from Thyroid 24(6);2014:1018–1026; (doi: 10.1089/thy.2012.0499), based on the discovery of prior redundant publication in two other journals, without any cross referencing: Momčilović B, Prejac J, Višnjević V, Skalnaya MG, Mimica N, Drmić S, Skalny AV. Hair iodine for human iodine status assessment. J Orthomol Med. 2013;28(4)175–185. Prejac J, Višnjević V, Drmić S, Skalny AA, Mimica N, Momčilović B. A novel concept to derive iodine status of human populations from frequency distribution properties of a hair iodine concentration. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2014;28(2):205–211. The editorial leadership of the two journals named above have been notified. It is important to note that Dr. Momčilović and his coauthors appealed the Editor's decision to retract this article based on their belief that the information contained in the article should be “widely heralded and promoted.” However, as this premise is in direct violation of Thyroid's strict policy on publishing papers that have not been published elsewhere, the appeal was denied. Thyroid is dedicated to upholding the strictest standards of peer review and the scientific record and therefore is officially retracting this article from the literature.
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