Investigation of iodine level in drinking water in iodine, deficiency areas in Shandong province
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Abstract:
Objective To look into the current distribution of iodine deficiency area in Shandong province and to guide the re-defined iodine deficiency area and to supplement iodine scientifically. Methods In 2008, 100 iodine deficiency counties（cities, districts）, designated in Shandong province＇s ＂to supplement iodized salt to eliminate the hazard of iodine deficiency management regulations＂, were selected in the study. One to three samples were collected from water source which was used by the majority of local residents in the 100 iodine deficiency places and iodine concentration was tested by As3＋-Ce4＋ catalyzing spectrophotometry. Results A total of 65 716 water samples were collected. Sample recovery efficiency reached 99.8%（65 572/65 716）. The median water iodine was 5.57 μg/L, with 82.05%（ 1097/1337 ） of the township（town） met criteria for the classification of iodine deficiency areas（water iodine 〈 10 μg/L）, 17.43%（233/1337） of the township （town） water iodine moderate（water iodine 10 - 150 μg/L）, and 0.52%（7/1337）of the township（town） should be defined high iodine areas（water iodine 〉 150 - 300 μg/L）. Conclusions The iodine deficiency areas should be redefined because water iodine concentrations of iodine deficiency areas have changed. We suggest that the smallest place to supply salt with different range of iodine content is set to the township（town）.
Key words:
Iodine; Deficiency diseases; Drinking; Data collectionKeywords:
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The iodine content of water, soil, salt and cereals have been analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS), titrimetry, Fusion and ion selective electrode methods at Geological Survey of Ethiopia, Geosciences Laboratory Center, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. From the view point of analytical result, the chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, manganese and magnesium, which are considered as goitrogens are with high concentrations while that of iodine is significantly low (p = 0.055). Likewise, the concentrations of iodine in all the water samples fall in the ranges of the iodine concentration of the various parts of the world, 15µg/l. The iodine concentration in the soil samples taken from non-farm lands (no use of chemical inputs) is significantly higher (p = 0.001) than that of farm lands. Iodine concentration in wheat and barley samples is observed to be significantly low (p = 0.002). This is the major guide to draw the conclusion that community using this water, cereals and salt could face the insufficiencies of iodine in their dietary, which in turn would cause less up-take of iodine by the body resulting iodine deficiency disorder and endemic goiter among the population. Thus, the main approaches to tackle the challenges are the use of iodized salt and oil, fortification of food, water and condiments and distribution of iodine tablets.
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BACKGROUND: Iodine deficiency is known as a major nutritional health problem in Iran. The aim of this study was to evaluate iodine salt intake, salt storage, and urinary iodine in households of Markazi Province, Iran, in 2014. METHODS: In this cross-sectional analytical study, 440 households of 11 cities in Markazi Province in 2014 were selected through a multistage random sampling. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information about the type of salt used and awareness about salt storage. Parameters of salts were measured by taking the samples from household salt. Simultaneously, urinary iodine was measured via samples from the elementary students in the household. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS: Of 440 households, 225 households (58.0%) used iodized refined salt. Approximately, 60.0% of households were aware of the correct way of salt storage. The mean urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of children was 19.2 ± 18.3 μg/l. The average iodine concentration in household salts was 29.3 ± 3.8 ppm and only half of the salt-producing companies had iodine levels above 30 ppm. The average of salt heavy metals at the level of production and consumption was at a standard level. CONCLUSION: The average iodine concentration of salts was less than the standard level. Therefore, in the absence of proper monitoring of the cycle of production and supply of iodized salt, there is a possibility of recurrent iodine deficiency complications in Markazi Province. Enhancing public awareness about salt storage for maintaining the quantity and quality of iodine is recommended.
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Objective To survey the characteristics of environmental iodine in Ningqiang of Shaanxi.Methods To select soil,main Plant(corn) and water in the area.Results The environmental iodine sources of were 0.1247 mg/kg、0.0540 mg/kg、1.432 μg/L.Conclusion It is shown that the environmental iodine of ning qiang was deficiency.Iodine deficiecy disease(IDD) isobviously relative to the distribution of iodine content of water corn and soil.
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Objective To investigate the present conditions of iodine excess areas and edible salt at household levels in northwest Shandong,which will provide the evidence for adjusting iodized salt supply in these areas. Methods Using cross section method, an epidemiological survey was carried out in 21 counties in directions of east, west, south, north and center of every township. 2 samples of drinking water from each village were tested for their water iodine contents as well as the data regarding to the type and the depth of the wells. 5 samples of edible salt were collected in each village for quantitative analysis. Results For 2 858 samples of water surveyed among 279 townships in 21 counties, a median of iodine 125.40 μg/L(0.50 ～ 1 820.03 μg/L)and a rate of iodized salt coverage of 95.1% were detected. Nearly 5.166 9 million people were at risk of excessive iodine in 121 townships of 19 counties where iodine concentration was over 150 μg/L in drinking water with a median of 235.86 μg/L(150.05 ～ 1 820.03 μg/L). There were 121 iodine excess areas in 279 townships. The rate of iodized salt was 96.0%. All the excessive iodine excess areas located in alluvial plain north of Yellow river, which mainly connected with same iodine excess areas in Henan,Hebei provinces. Water of high content iodine existed in shallow depth in the northeast area, while it did in deep depth in the southeast area. There was a positive relationship between content of high iodine water and its depth of well. Conclusions There are distinctive features of iodine excess for both shallow well and deep well. 121 iodine excess areas exist in the regions. It's suggested that iodized salt intervention should be stopped in the areas and the health education project be started and iodized salt or water iodine in the region be surveyed.
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Objective To investigate the danger of iodine excess for people in the downstream area of Yellow River in Shandong Province by describing the distribution of iodine excess water and the gorer of children Methods Water samples were collected from 5 villages of every town of Yuncheng,Jiaxiang and Dongchangfu Counties to determine the iodine of the water using arsenic cerium oxidation reduction method.In the 5 towns having water iodine in the range of 150～300μg/L,200 students aged from 8～10 years received the paJpation of thyroid,half of them were also measured of urinary iodine with As3+-Ce4+ catalytic spectrophotometry using ammonium persulfate digestion method,and 50 of the 100 students further underwent thyroid B-ultrasound.Results Three counties all have high iodine towns.The medium of urinary iodine of 30 town8 in 56 towns was higher than 150μg/L Urinary iodine and sign detection were performed in 13 towns,where water iodine was between 150～ 300μg/L;the medium ofurinary iodine of 11 towns were higherthan 400μg/L,and 3 of the 11 towns were higher than 800μg/L.In all 13 towns,the goiter rate of the students aged 8 to 10 years exceeded 5%by palpation in 11 towns:exceeded 5% by B-ultrasound method in 9 towns.Conclusions There are areas of iodine excess in drinking water and iodine-excess endemic goiter prevails in downstream area of the Yellow River in Shandong Province.It indicates that iodine excess in drinking water has done severe harm in these areas. Active managementshould be taken to control this endemic disease.
Key words:
Drinking water; Urine; Iodine; Goiter,endemic
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Objective To evaluate the status of iodine nutrition of inhabitant in coastal areas of Zhejiang Province to explore the status of iodine nutrition in different areas of population.Methods To research the level of urinary iodine and water and the concentration of the iodine salt for the inhabitant,the level of urinary iodine and water iodine were measured by spectrophotometer method,iodine salt level was measured by sodium subsulfite method.Result From the result of survey,we can see that the median water iodine of the coastal Zhejiang is 5.7 μg/L,the mean salt iodine of the coastal Zhejiang is 27.0 mg/kg,and the median urinary iodine of the population in the coastal Zhejiang is 165.9 μg/L,the percentage which is less than 100 μg/L is 24.8%,and the percentage which is more than 300 μg/L is 18.8%,and the median urinary iodine of coastal county,coastal city is 156.4 μg/L,180.3 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions The level of urinary iodine and salt iodine are overall in recommended range,then the inhabitant in coastal areas of Zhejiang Province show a good iodine nutritional status.
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Objective To understand the present condition of iodine excess areas and edible salt at household levels in Dezhou city, so as to provide the preventive intervention to control it.Methods A cross section was adopted for the epidemiological survey based on the east, west, south, north and central in all of townships each county. 2 samples of drinking water from each village were tested their water iodine content as well as the data regarding their recourses and the depth of wells. 5 samples of edible salt were collected in each village for quantitative analysis.Results We investigated 625 villages in 125 townships of 11 counties. 1 228 water samples were collected and tested. The recourses of drinking water are mainly from shallow wells with 174. 47±170.54 μg iodine/L in mean value or 121.61 μg iodine/L(0.65～917.49 μg/L) in medium. The ratio of iodized salt from 1 228 households was 94.9%. 250 thousand population are at risk for iodine excess and living in 58 townships of 10 counties where iodine concentration is over 150 μg/L in drinking water. All the iodine excess areas are located in alluvial plain.Conclusions This study suggested that iodized salt intervention should be stopped in all townships with the problems of iodine excess according to the Regulation and starting the health education project.Monitoring programme is also important in these areas after stopping iodized salt.
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Objective To know the distribution of water-source-originated high level iodine districts and the rate of high level iodine goiter. Methods Investigation on outer environment iodine baseline in whole province on township level; sampling investigation on formerly non-goiter regions in the whole province. Results The fact that higher iodine level in 18 counties was found, the proportion of more than 150 μg/L was 47.6% in 5 023 water samples; high level iodine regions were patched-shaped, linked by town to town or county to county; high iodine regions and advisable iodine regions were coexist. Iodine intake and epidemic of goiter showed definite dose-effect relationship. Conclusions The fact that goiter epidemics in 162 towns of 18 counties in the Yellow river delta of east-Henan province is confirmed.
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Summary. The article presents the results of a study on the iodine content in environmental objects of the city of Bratsk, in water and food, where it was revealed the low content of iodine. The calculations daily intake of iodine in the organism of children. Estimated losses of iodine in foods by cooking, and also possibility of their enrichment with iodine using iodized salt. Key words: food, iodine, iodine deficiency, Bratsk city. Геохимические особенности территории Иркутской об-ласти характеризуются дефицитом микроэлементов, в том числе и йода. Йододефицитные заболевания включают ряд патологических состояний, связанных с нарушением функ-ции щитовидной железы, обусловленной снижением по-требления йода с пищей и водой [1]. Основным фактором, формирующим зоб, является недостаточность йода в приро-де. Эта проблема является особенно актуальной для многих эндемичных территорий Российской Федерации с выражен-ной нутриентной недостаточностью йода [10]. Дефицит йода в питании человека приводит к системным нарушениям со-стояния здоровья, в том числе к снижению интеллектуально-
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