Ipsilateral synkinesia involves the supplementary motor area
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Supplementary motor area
Motor area
Motor coordination
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Motor System
Movement Disorders
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Supplementary motor area
Motor area
Motor coordination
Motor Control
Motor System
Movement Disorders
Movement control
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Traditionally, the SMA has been defined as a single motor area in the medial part of the frontal agranular cortex. Recent anatomical and physiological studies, however, defined two areas in the medial part of Brodmann's area 6. The anterior part is now called the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA) and the posterior part, the SMA proper or the SMA. Both areas have unique combinations of cortical and thalamocortical connectivity. Although neurons in both areas take some part in simple motor tasks such as pushing buttons in response to sensory signals, characteristic activity is found in the kind of motor tasks that require temporal organization. Temporal sequencing of multiple movements, for instance, requires a role of neuronal activity in both the SMA and pre-SMA.
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The supplementary motor area (SMA-proper) is important for the programming and execution of motor, speech, and other elaborative functions. SMA is frequently involved by brain tumors (particularly WHO grade II gliomas). Surgery in this area can be followed by the 'SMA syndrome', characterised by contralateral akinesia and mutism. We present a case of Falcine meningioma in the region of the right SMA which developed SMA syndrome. Our patient showed complete recovery of neurological function but the process was slow with a specific pattern.
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Abstract There is sparse data on the analysis of supplementary motor area in language function using direct cortical stimulation of the supplementary motor area. Here, we report a patient who experienced isolated anomia during stimulation of the anterior supplementary motor area and discuss the role of the supplementary motor area in speech production. The role of the pre‐supplementary motor area in word selection, observed in fMRI studies, can be confirmed by direct cortical stimulation.
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Broca's area
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In the present study, an attempt was made to examine the sensitivity of the Bereitschaftspotential (BP) preceding simple finger movement in revealing pathophysiological patterns of premovement cortical activity in patients with chronic unilateral lesions of the supplementary motor area (SMA). Usually, in healthy subjects, BP has a clear maximum in Cz with larger amplitudes than in Ccon (located over the motor cortex, contralateral to the performing hand). In the patients, amplitudes did not differ between Cz and Ccon. This effect of the lesion on BP topography, was found in movements of either side. However, intraindividual comparisons revealed that the reduction of the BP in Cz (relative to Ccon) was larger for movements contralateral to the SMA lesion than for those ipsilateral of it.
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The supplementary motor area (SMA) is a region located within each cerebral hemisphere at the posterior medial border of the frontal lobe. It is considered to play an important role in planning, initiating and maintaining sequential motor actions. In this report, we aimed to confirm or invalidate the somatotopic organization of the SMA, correlates the pattern of clinical symptoms observed after SMA removal with the extent of resection. Althogh there was no apparent change shown in the monitoring of intraoperative motor evoked potential (MEP), four patients displayed postoperative SMA syndrome on the side of the body contralateral to the SMA resection. All patients developed postoperative severe hemiplegia. One dominant frontal glioma patient was followed by transient mutism and motor aphasia. In this study, there is no correlation between extent of SMA resection and postoperative clinical pattern of deficits.
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Two motor areas are known to exist in the medial frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex of primates, the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the presupplementary motor area (pre-SMA). We report here on an aspect of cellular activity that characterizes the pre-SMA. Monkeys were trained to perform three different movements sequentially in a temporal order. The correct order was planned on the basis of visual information before its execution. A group of pre-SMA cells (n = 64, 25%) were active during a process when monkeys were required to discard a current motor plan and develop a plan appropriate for the next orderly movements. Such activity was not common in the SMA and not found in the primary motor cortex. Our data suggest a role of pre-SMA cells in updating motor plans for subsequent temporally ordered movements.
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Premotor cortex
Frontal lobe
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Supplementary motor area
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Motor Behavior
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Measurements of cerebral blood flow in man revealed that complex voluntary movements are associated with a blood flow increase in the supplementary motor area of the brain. This increase is additional to and similar in magnitude to the Rolandic sensorimotor area activation that occurs during all kinds of movement. When subjects counted silently there was no activation of any focal cortical area in the brain; when they counted aloud there was a marked increase in activity in the supplementary motor area. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the supplementary motor area plays a major role in the initiation and control of at least some kinds of voluntary movement in man and is, therefore, a motor center of a higher order than the primary Rolandic areas.
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Turnover
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