On the Biological Affinities of People of the “Lappish Parishes”: A Craniometric Analysis of the 17th– Early 19th Century Population of Alozero, Karelia
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Keywords:
Crania
Late 19th century
Paleopathology
Affinities
Cranial vault
Homo erectus
Mesolithic
Homo erectus
Crania
Hominidae
Human brain
Encephalization
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Two crania,Nanjing 1 and Nanjing 2,were found in a cave near Nanjing in 1993,and referred to as Homo erectus.In recent years,the distortional Nanjing 2 was restored,the Nanjing 1 was compared,and the highly projecting nasal bones,an unusual feature of Nanjing 1,were explained.The Nanjing 2 is an incomplete calvarium,and preserves cracked frontal,parietal,and occipital bones only.The restored calvarium presents larger parietal bones,a relatively narrow upper scale of occipital bone and a probable larger cranial capacity,and reveals affinities with early Homo sapiens rather than Homo erectus.The comparisons of Nanjing 1 with Zhoukoudian,Sangiran 17,KUM-ER 3733 and Bodo indicate that:1)A certain level of regional variation can be observed;2) The similarity between Nanjing 1 and KUM-ER 3733 in most features of calvaria suggests an anatomical stability of some members of Homo erectus in calvaria morphology over a span of at least a million years;3)The facial measurements of Nanjing 1 and Bodo confirm the prediction of the Center and Edge hypothesis,which emphasizes that at the periphery,some of the features that marked modern geographic variation appear in Homo erectus and were maintained for very long time periods.An observation discloses that highly projecting nasal bones have not been found in the crania from Africa,Europe,and West Asia during the time of Nanjing Homo erectus or earlier time.Therefore,the nasal feature of Nanjing 1 cannot be used as evidence of western affinities.It is acceptable that the high projection of nasal bones is a feature of adaptation to climate.Furthermore,the capacity of Nanjing 1 was calculated to be 871 ml,which is comparable to that of Zhoukoudian 3 and supports the date 580—620 KaBP for Nanjing 1.
Crania
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Calvaria
Neanderthal
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Crania
Homo erectus
Fossil Record
Hominidae
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Two fossil hominid crania from Yunxian were found in 1989 and 1990 respectively,and were attributed to Homo erectus by Li Tianyuan and D.A.Etler(1992) and Li et al(1994).In this paper,theHomo erectus featuresof these two crania are examined in a comparison of the crania with those from Zhoukoudian.The features examined include supraorbital tori, occipital torns,lambda-opisthion angle,postorbital constriction,skull breadth conditions,lowness of skull,frontal flatness and receding, and cramal capacity.Results show that some features are doubtful owing to damage and distortion of these two crania,and others arc of early Homo sapiens instead.Morphologically,the crania from Yunxian arc likely of Homo sapiens ifereclus and sapiens are considered as different species.
Crania
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
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Skull IX (Tjg-1993.05) was found in Sangiran, Central Java, in 1993, and is now stored at the Institute of Technology, Bandung. It is a remarkably complete fossil cranium of Homo erectus. It is one of the six H. erectus crania from the early Pleistocene of Java that preserves a nearly complete vault and is the third Javanese H. erectus crania with a substantial part of the facial skeleton preserved. After preliminary studies by late Prof. Sartono and other researchers, our team, led by Prof. Yahdi Zaim, had an opportunity to re-reconstruct and fully describe the specimen during 2008-2010. In this paper, I introduce how we corrected the distorted original reconstruction and summarize the specimen’s implications for the Homo erectus evolution in and outside Indonesia. Skull IX closely resembles Sangiran 17 and other Javanese H. erectus crania from the same stratigraphic level. The neurocranium of Skull IX is slightly smaller than the so-far-recorded smallest cranium from this zone, suggesting this individual was female. The face exhibits some “Asian” features, which highlights regional variation in Afro-Asian archaic members of Homo.
Crania
Homo erectus
Neurocranium
Cranial vault
Paleoanthropology
Paleopathology
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Available techniques for determining age from human cranial remains are limited. This study examines the efficacy of Meindl and Lovejoy's (1985) method of determining age based on ectocranial suture closure patterns as compared to a baseline of ages developed from a multifactorial approach employing various age determining factors from across the skull. What makes this study different is that the sample upon which this comparison is performed contains a large number of artificially deformed crania. Our hypothesis is that aging techniques that rely on suture closure patterns as markers are complicated by the results of artificial modification of the cranial vault. The study is conducted on adult, human crania from prehispanic archaeological sites in South America. Results demonstrate a significant difference between the two aging methods, more particularly when applied to deformed skulls. We conclude that when a skull is deformed age should be estimated utilizing multiple factors that exclude Meindl and Lovejoy's ectocranial suture aging technique.
Crania
Cranial vault
Closure (psychology)
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The Homo erectus calvaria from Hexian, Anhui province, China is an important component of the fossil sample from East Asia. This specimen is the most complete Chinese H. erectus cranium found outside Zhoukoudian. Previous work has shown that the fossil crania from Zhoukoudian exhibit a unique metric pattern not seen in specimens from Africa or Indonesia. Multivariate statistics that assess the statistical significance of distances have not been used to compare the Hexian cranium to other relevant fossils, and this has hampered our appreciation of the pattern and magnitude of variation in the Chinese fossil record. This study involves the use of Mahalanobis distances to examine the variation present in a large sample of Homo erectus crania. Two separate examinations utilizing up to 7 measurements on 15 crania were performed to maximize the number of available specimens. Random expectation statistics were then used to test for significance between these fossils. Our results highlight clear metric dissimilarities between the Hexian calvaria and the fossils from Zhoukoudian. These metric patterns also separate Hexian from Zhoukoudian V, a skull with which it shares some more modern non-metric features. Our results indicate a greater degree of variation in the human fossil sample from China than has previously been recognized.
Crania
Homo erectus
Calvaria
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Crania
Mesolithic
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Crania
Homo erectus
Homo sapiens
Paleopathology
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Abstract Cranial remains of hominids 9 and 12 from Olduvai Gorge are described in detail. O.H. 9 consists of a heavily built braincase, partly damaged and lacking the face, while O.H. 12 is less complete. The Bed II specimen is about 1.2 million years in age and shows anatomical similarities to the cranium designated ER‐3733 from Koobi Fora, east of Lake Turkana. Together these African fossils provide valuable information about Homo erectus in the later Lower Pleistocene. Comparisons of O.H. 9 with several of the Choukoutien crania are also carried out. These Chinese and other Asian remains of Homo erectus cannot be placed in a secure chronological framework, but all of the material should be studied systematically in order to assess relatedness among what must be several different populations.
Homo erectus
Crania
Olduvai Gorge
Early Pleistocene
Acheulean
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