Mesolithic man in northwestern Europe; biological distances, genetic considerations
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Mesolithic
Arikara cranial measurements are compared with Mandan data to define the nature and magnitude of differences remaining at the beginning of the Historic period. A discriminant function approach is followed. Special attention is given to determining uniqueness of the two sets of crania as estimated by rates of group misclassification. Three validation procedures are applied in estimating these rates: resubstitution, jackknife, and holdout.Several variables show significant heterogeneity between Arikara and Mandan including nasal height, maximum cranial breadth, and auricular height. Mandan crania tend to be narrower, have less nasal height, and are lower in auricular height. Functions developed for Leavenworth Arikara and Mandan crania have an accuracy of about 84 percent. Data for the Leavenworth Site are expanded with addition of a sample excavated by William H. Over 60 years ago.
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Jackknife resampling
Discriminant function analysis
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Metrical and nonmetrical data were taken of the cranial series of the Okhotsk culture unearthed from the Omisaki site, Hokkaido. The Omisaki crania were compared in terms of metrical data with the crania of the Ainu, Moyoro Okhotsk, Jomon, recent Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Northern Mongoloids. It was shown that the Omisaki crania possess the characteristics of Northern Mongoloids, and that the Moyoro and Omisaki are of an identical group. This Okhotsk group has a close resemblance in cranial measurements to the Nanays and Ulchs in the lower basin of the Amur as well as to the Asiatic Eskimos, while the Troickoe crania of the Mo-ho culture in the Amur basin have little metrical resemblance to the Okhotsk crania. The cluster analysis applied to the individual cranium of the Hokkaido Ainu and Omisaki Okhotsk suggested that a few of the crania excavated at the Okhotsk burials resemble the Ainu crania, though there is a basic difference in total cranial morphology between the Ainu and Okhotsk populations.
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Archaeological monitoring, undertaken as part of the upgrading of access tracks on Barningham Moor, identified a concentration of lithics within a thin palaeosol close to the scheduled Badger Way Stoop cairnfield. Due to the extent of this soil remnant, and its association with the cairnfield, which lies immediately to the south, 11 1 m by 1 m test-pits were hand-excavated along the development route to obtain a sample of the artefacts. Twenty-three lithic artefacts were recovered, five of which could be assigned to the Late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic periods. As a result, the assemblage predates the presumed age of the cairnfield, which is suggested to date to the Bronze Age, suggesting that the area may have been a focus for an extended period of prehistoric activity. Full reference: Robinson, G. & Foulds F.W.F. 2017. A Late Mesolithic or Early Neolithic findspot on Barningham Moor, County Durham, UK. Lithics: the Journal of the Lithic Studies Society 38: 32–39. Keywords: cairnfield, Mesolithic, Neolithic, flint, chert, quartzite
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Assemblage (archaeology)
Lithic technology
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Address for Correspondence: Dr. S. K. Rathee, Professor, Department Of Anatomy PGIMS Rohtak, India. E-Mail: vivekmalik98@gmail.com Access this Article online Quick Response code Web site: *1 Professor, Department Of Anatomy ,PGIMS, Rohtak, India. 2 Demonstrator, Department Of Anatomy PGIMS Rohtak, India. 3 Postgraduate Student , Department Of Physiology PGIMS, Rohtak, India. 4 Ex. Sr. Professor And Head Department Of Anatomy, PGIMS, Rohtak, India. 5 Visiting Sr. Scientist School Of Archaeology, Australia. Shape of crania is seen by measuring cranial index in 150 (115 male and 35 female) crania. Crania were obtained from the department of Anatomy, Pt. B.D. Sharma PGIMS Rohtak. In males, 91.07 % crania were found dolichocephalic while in females 97.14% crania were dolichocephalic. Few crania were found mesocephalic (6.25% in males and 2.85% in females) in both sexes. None of female crania was seen as brachycephalic. Percentage obtained in present study is quite different from any other population studied as most of the crania were dolichocephalic. So it can be used as a tool to identify crania of this region.
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Abstract A total of 104 adult human crania (95 American Indian and 9 Labrador Eskimo) are used in this evaluation of a discriminant functional analysis for determining race and sex from eight cranial measurements. The methods used are those given by Giles and Elliot ('62). The study shows that non‐deformed American Indian crania are racially misclassified as American White and Negro in 35.6% of the cases when using this metrical method. Deformed Indian crania are racially misclassified 60.0% and 4.4% of the time as White and Negro respectively. The determination of sex on male crania, regardless of deformation, is as accurate as, or better than, the visual method of identification. The female crania, however, are shown to be incorrectly sexed in nearly 50% of the cases, with one non‐deformed group (Palus) running as high as 80.0%. This evaluation suggests, therefore, that discriminant functional analyses for race and / or sex determinations are not applicable to problems of human identification unless the crania are from that population on which these functions were established.
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Identification
White (mutation)
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The paper presents the anthropometric characteristics of the crania from church cem- eteries in Jaksice (Kujawy, Poland). The archaeological excavations in Jaksice were carried out in 1968 and 1969. The crania found were dated to the 15 th and 17 th centuries. For each cranium 10 anthropometric measurements were taken according to R. Martin's (1928) technique. Their sex and age were estimated according to the methods recommended by Eu- ropean anthropologists. Data on craniological traits for 21 populations from Poland were collected from literature. Using principal components analysis differentiation of the Late Middle Ages and modern populations from Poland was analysed. The analysis was performed also with the use of the biological distance and the cluster analysis methods. High degree of resemblance of the studied crania to the crania of Central Poland (Kujawy, Wielkopolska) populations was revealed.
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1189. Non-Pathological adult crania are studied, out of them 510 Male crania and 251 Female crania are from North India while 285 Male and 143 Female crania are from South India. Prevalence of Metopism in the North Indian Male crania is 12 crania (2.35%) and female crania is 5 Crania (1.99%) while. In South Indian Crania the prevalence of Metopism was in Male 11 Crania (3.85%) in female it was 5 Crania (3.49%). It is observed that, Prevalence was more in South Indian Crania of both sexes as compared to North India. It is also observed that, Prevalence of Metopism is more in Male Crania of North India & South Indian Crania compared to female crania of both North and South India. Previous workers have studied only regional or racial skull but the sexual dimorphism and regional comparison this study appears to be new method.
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North india
Sexual dimorphism
Paleopathology
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The sample of South African early to mid-Holocene Later Stone Age (LSA) human crania is small and quite fragmentary, limiting our knowledge of human craniofacial morphology for this period. Previous limited analyses have described the morphology displayed by these early crania as a combination of Khoesan and non-Khoesan traits. Although essentially Khoesan-like in terms of facial morphology, their overall large size and robust neurocranial structure were regarded as atypical of Khoesan craniofacial morphology, leading to questions about the role of these early populations in the ancestry of recent Khoesan populations. Here we provide a quantitative analysis in which we compare five well-preserved pre-5000 BP LSA crania with (i) a large sample of post-5000 BP LSA Khoesan crania; and (ii) a sample of crania from recent South African Bantu-speakers. We show that these pre-5000 BP crania fall comfortably within the range of variation observed for the post-5000 BP Khoesan sample, in terms of both size and shape, suggesting that distinctive Khoesan craniofacial morphology was already present in South African LSA populations by the first half of the Holocene.
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Morphology
Later Stone Age
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In this passage,59 Human Bones are observed,measured,analyzed and compared, which came from 49 graves of the Shijia Cemetery in Fushun County Liaoning Province.4 Human Bones are particularly studied. Shijia crania belong to Asiatic Mongoloids.Compared with modern Asiatic Mongoloids, the result shows that Shijia crania are the most similar groups to North Asiatic Mongoloids and Northeast Asiatic Mongoloids on the anthropology characteristic,but there are many differences with South Asiatic Mongoloids.The closest ancient crania are Boyisiman crania,Xiajiadian superstratum crania and Sanling crania.But with Wanfabozi kistvaen crania,there are many differences.
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