Influence of Sporophore Development, Damage, Storage, and Tissue Specificity on the Enzymic Formation of Volatiles in Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)
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Abstract:
The enzymic oxidation of the polyunsaturated fatty acid−linoleic acid leads, in fungi, to the formation of a unique class of nonconjugated hydroperoxides, which are cleaved to form eight-carbon volatiles characteristic of mushroom and fungal flavor. However, the enzymes involved in this biosynthetic pathway, the bioavailability of the fatty acid substrate, and the occurrence of the reaction products (hydroperoxides and eight-carbon volatiles) are not fully understood. This study investigated the lipids, fatty acids, and hydroperoxide levels, as well as eight-carbon volatile variations in the fungal model Agaricus bisporus, according to four parameters: sporophore development, postharvest storage, tissue type, and damage. Eight-carbon volatiles were measured using solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography−mass spectrometry. Tissue disruption had a major impact on the volatile profile, both qualitatively and quantitatively; 3-octanone was identified as the main eight-carbon volatile in whole and sliced sporophore, an observation overlooked in previous studies due to the use of tissue disruption and solvent extraction for analysis. Fatty acid oxidation and eight-carbon volatile emissions decreased with sporophore development and storage, and differed according to tissue type. The release of 1-octen-3-ol and 3-octanone by incubation of sporophore tissue homogenate with free linoleic acid was inhibited by acetylsalicylic acid, providing evidence for the involvement of a heme-dioxygenase in eight-carbon volatile production.Keywords:
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Autoxidation
The cultivation of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus, also known as button mushroom, requires the use of substrates for its cultivation, such as chicken and/or horse manure and the application of manufacturing steps, such as storage and composting that produce odours. The odours may cause disturbance to people living near the plant and may be a problem for workers. This article examines some measures that can be taken to reduce the odorous emissions during the production of Agaricus bisporus. The possibility of recovery of some organic matter left from the cultivation is examined. Finally, some occupational hazards for workers are highlighted.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Volvariella volvacea
Mushroom bodies
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Nature has been a source of medicinal agents for thousands of years and an impressive number of modern drugs have been isolated from natural sources, based on their use in traditional medicine.Since ancient time's plants as well as fungus sources of medicinal compounds have continued to play a dominant role in maintenance of human health.Over 50% of all modern clinical drugs are of natural product origin and play an important role in drug development programs in the pharmaceutical industry.Mushrooms are highly nutritious and environment friendly crops that carry numerous medicinal benefits.The cultivation of edible mushrooms carries great relevance in todays' world in the context of a growing population and extreme pressure on the environment.White button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) is a very important nutritional and medicinal species which is used for recycling agro wastes including wheat straw, reed plant wastes, waste paper, oat straw, waste tea leaves, some water plants and others.The standardized cultivation techniques to be followed for cultivation laboratory scale button mushroom are as follows (i).compost to be prepared by short method of composting (ii).Cultivation trials of A. bisporus to be carried out in a closed room provided with air conditioner as source of cooling (iii).The relative humidity inside the cropping rooms to be maintained to 60-70% (iv).Spawn run will be completed in 15 days and required 12-15 days more for case run.These findings revealed that button mushroom can possibly be cultivated under laboratory condition.This can be a means of livelihood and a source of economic empowerment for women in both urban and rural areas and for small holder farmers, apart from being a source of food production.However, there is resurgence to propel efforts in terms of improvement of tools available to the breeder, decoding mushroom genome for new strain development in the future for the welfare of commercial pressure facing industry.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
White (mutation)
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Medical microbiology
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
White (mutation)
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Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
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Background and Objective: Mushroom polysaccharides have many health benefits.This study aimed to extract and purify polysaccharides from edible mushroom and to investigate its in vitro antidiabetic activity.Materials and Methods: Agaricus bisporus (A.bisporus ) mushroom samples were collected at Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu.Extracted polysaccharides were characterized by 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR spectroscopy and the in vitro antidiabetic activity of the extracted polysaccharides was analyzed by "-amylase inhibitory activity.All data were expressed as mean standard deviations (SD) and SPSS version 16 was used for statistical analysis.Results: The highest inhibitory activity (78.85%) was detected at 2.0 mg mLG 1 .This result indicated that polysaccharide possessed higher inhibitory activity against "-amylase.Conclusion: Hence, the present study showed that mushroom polysaccharides displayed antidiabetic activity.Mushroom polysaccharides are yet to be explored for a lot of various pharmaceuticals for applications in near future.
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Agaricus
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Mushrooms have been used by humans for millennia.The commonly cultivated mushrooms include Agaricus, Lentinus, Flammulina, Pleurotusand Volvariella.In India, Button mushroom (Agaricusbisporus)is the most commonly cultivated mushroom followed by Pleurotus (Shah et al., 2013).Mushrooms are mainly subjected to bacterial, fungal and viral diseases.The production of fruiting bodies is severely afflicted by fungal, bacterial and viral pathogens that can cause diseases which have an effect on yield and quality (Potocnik et al., 2008).Improper pasteurization of compost and casing soil can be the major source of diseases.Once the disease is introduced in the farm it can be carried out by the different agencies like air, water, machines and workers (Munshi et al., 2010).Fungal diseases commonly occurring in white button mushrooms include dry bubble (Verticillium spp.), cobweb (Cladobotryumspp.),green mould in compost (Trichoderma harzianum) and green mould on casing (Trichoderma viride).Over the past two decades, green mould caused by T. aggressivum has been the most serious disease of button mushroom.Among bacterial diseases, bacterial blotch (Pseudomonas tolaasii) is most common disease of white button mushrooms.Dieback is the most commonly occurring viral disease which is caused by various virus strains (Gupta et al., 2018).These diseases are a major threat to the mushroom industries worth millions as the losses due to these diseases may go up to 100%.Depending upon the stage and severity of the infection, quality of compost and the prevailing environmental conditions, these diseases often cause complete crop failure (Munshi et al., 2010).Considerable losses in cultivation process occur due to lower productivity, decrease in quality and shortened shelf-life.Moreover, mushroom cultivation with its rapidity of cropping makes a suitable environment for augmentation of pathogen inoculum and thus makes its control more difficult (Todorovic et al., 2012).
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Mushroom poisoning
White (mutation)
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The biomass of 18 strains of Agaricus subrufescens and of 13 strains of Agaricus bisporus was chemically analyzed using solid-state (13)C NMR. The study focused on polysaccharides because they can play a major role as antitumor molecules. The study also examined whether biomass chemical properties varied between the vegetative mycelium and the fruiting bodies of A. subrufescens, and these data were compared with the mycelium of A. bisporus. Qualitative differences between vegetative mycelia and fruiting bodies were observed, whereas quantitative differences were measured between the two species with a higher percentage of polysaccharides in the biomass of A. subrufescens. This Agaricus species is thus an interesting potential source of polysaccharides with medicinal properties, both from vegetative mycelium obtained in liquid cultures and from fruiting bodies produced on composts.
Agaricus bisporus
Agaricus
Edible mushroom
Agaricales
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