Regulation of glucose/lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity by interleukin-4
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Carbohydrate Metabolism
This chapter contains sections titled: Insulin resistance – definitions and role in the natural history of type 2 diabetes Metabolic syndrome and non - alcoholic fatty liver disease Insulin resistance in the liver Insulin resistance in adipose tissue Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle Resistance to other actions of insulin Conclusions References
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Obesity is an emerging health problem in world wide countries. High fat diet (HFD), which is the main cause of obesity, induces inflammation and affects both lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This study investigates the effect of inflammation induced by HFD on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. This study involves two parts, in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo part, adult male albino rats were fed a HFD for 8 and 14 weeks. After each feeding period, the following parameters were measured (body weight, blood glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance, serum insulin, insulin resistance, total cholesterol, HDLc, LDLc, triglycerides, free fatty acids, neutrophils percentage and serum CRP levels) in addition to pancreas tissue histopathology. In the in vitro part, insulin release from isolated perfused pancreas preparations was measured. Pancreas preparations were isolated from adult male albino rats fed a HFD for 16 weeks. Feeding rats a HFD for 8 and 14 weeks induced inflammation, impaired lipid profile and carbohydrate metabolism. Feeding rats a HFD for 16 weeks increased in vitro glucose-stimulated insulin release. HFD induces inflammation which plays an important role in the impairment of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism.
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SummaryThis paper attempts to review the current state of knowledge on the interrelationships of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in the domestic fowl. The aspects of metabolism reviewed include— 1. Pathway of carbon in de novo lipogenesis from carbohydrate substrates.2. Hyperlipogenesis from fructose.3. The effects of dietary lipid on lipogenesis and carbohydrate metabolism.4. The effects of feeding “carbohydrate-free” diets on metabolism.5. Changes in metabolism in relation to the pattern of food intake.6. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in relation to physiological state.Lipogenesis in the domestic fowl is very similar to that in the mono-gastric mammal except that in the fowl the liver, and not the adipose tissue, is the major site of lipogenesis. The effects of variation of the amounts and type of carbohydrate and lipid in the diet on the interrelationships of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are largely what would be expected from the results of similar studies with mammalian species. There are however interesting quantitative differences in some metabolic steps between birds and mammals. The effects of the pattern of food intake on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar in both avian and mammalian species. With the onset of sexual maturity and commencement of egg laying in the pullet there are great changes in the physiology of the bird. These physiological changes are accompanied by increases in the blood and liver lipid content. There is some evidence that hepatic lipogenesis from carbohydrate sources increases, when the bird comes into lay, to meet the requirement for lipid for egg production. However it has also been reported that the rates of hepatic lipogenesis in laying hens, cockerels and immature pullets are similar. The importance of lipogenesis from glucose in the laying hen requires further investigation.
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Berberine has been reported to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism in the body.This review was renewed its reported beneficial effect in insulin secretion and insulin signaling pathway,glucose transport and metabolism,low density lipoprotein receptor,AMP kinase activity,adipocytes differentiation,lipid and energy metabolism,and attempted to discuss the mechanisms of berberine in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism and its joint regulation,which indicated the clinical application prospects and problems of berberine.
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