In-flight observations of electromagnetic interferences emitted by satellite
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Electromagnetic spectrum
Electromagnetic energy is the backbone of wireless communication systems, and its progressive use has resulted in impacts on a wide range of biological systems. The consequences of electromagnetic energy absorption on plants are insufficiently addressed. In the agricultural area, electromagnetic-wave irradiation has been used to develop crop varieties, manage insect pests, monitor fertilizer efficiency, and preserve agricultural produce. According to different frequencies and wavelengths, electromagnetic waves are typically divided into eight spectral bands, including audio waves, radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma rays. In this review, among these electromagnetic waves, effects of millimeter waves, ultraviolet, and gamma rays on plants are outlined, and their response mechanisms in plants through proteomic approaches are summarized. Furthermore, remarkable advancements of irradiating plants with electromagnetic waves, especially ultraviolet, are addressed, which shed light on future research in the electromagnetic field.
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Abstract Electromagnetic radiation is emitted from sources in space and from anthropogenic sources on earth. It travels at a constant speed, i.e., the speed of light. The overall electromagnetic spectrum is illustrated in Figure 10–1. Energy is transmitted as a sinusoidal wave form, by time varying electric and magnetic fields. The transmission velocity, c, is described by the formula: The health effects of exposures to the various components of the electromagnetic spectrum vary greatly with frequency, and the discussion that follows outlines the sources, as well as the nature and extent of the effects that they produce. There are separate discussions on component bands within the overall spectrum, i.e., ionizing radiation, UV, visible, IR, and radio frequency (RF). The electric and magnetic fields induced by these radiations can also produce biological responses, and these responses will also be reviewed.
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‘Electromagnetic waves’ considers the history of the scientific investigation into the electromagnetic spectrum, including Einstein’s insight into the quantized nature of electromagnetic radiation. It explains that the only difference between light, radio waves, and all the other forms of electromagnetic radiation is the length of the fictitious-but-convenient waves or, equivalently, the energy of the photons involved. These different energies lead to different mechanisms for the formation and absorption of the different kinds of radiation, and it is this which gives rise to their different behaviours. Radio waves, microwaves, infrared radiation, light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, and gamma rays are all discussed.
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The origin of radiation is almost as old as the history of the creation of matter. The term “radiating energy” is used to refer to energy conveyed by electromagnetic waves. This chapter uses the terms “exchange” or “transfer by radiation” to refer to all of the energy transfers occurring at a distance, between bodies, by electromagnetic waves. It presents the electromagnetic wave spectrum with the wavelengths and corresponding frequencies. This spectrum covers all of the radiations encountered in nature, including cosmic radiations, X-rays, microwaves, telephone waves and radio waves. The range of wavelengths between 0.1 µm and 100 µm admits specific characteristics: when electromagnetic radiation belonging to this range reaches a given surface, it produces excitation of the matter, which is reflected by an increase in the temperature: this is thermal radiation. The chapter also summarizes the characteristics of the different regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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