Independent associations of body-size adjusted fat mass and fat-free mass with the metabolic syndrome in Chinese
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Background: Excess fat leads to adverse health outcomes. Most previous studies investigating body fatness using BMI or fat percentage, which contain both fat mass and fat-free mass, were not able to differentiate the exposure.Keywords:
Fat free mass
Abstract Aim Obesity may start early in life. We investigated relationships between size and body composition variables in infancy and at 4 years of age using valid estimates of body composition. The results were compared to those obtained when body mass index ( BMI ) was used to estimate body fatness at 4 years. Methods Using air displacement plethysmography, size, fat mass and fat‐free mass were studied, between 2007 and 2015, in 253 full‐term healthy Swedish children at 1 week, 12 weeks and 4 years of age. Results Positive associations between variables in infancy and at 4 years were found at 1 and 12 weeks for weight, height, BMI , fat‐free mass and fat‐free mass index (p ≤ 0.002) and for fat mass, per cent body fat and fat mass index (p ≤ 0.04) at 12 weeks. Fat mass gained during infancy correlated positively (p ≤ 0.031) with per cent fat mass, fat mass index and BMI , all at 4 years. In girls, gains in fat‐free mass during infancy correlated with BMI (p = 0.0005) at 4 years. Conclusion The results provide information regarding body composition trajectories during early life and demonstrate limitations of BMI as a proxy for body fatness when relating early weight gain to variables, relevant for later obesity risk.
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It has been suggested that there is a curvilinear relationship between lean body or fat-free mass and body fat mass. In order to confirm this relationship, body composition was measured by determining body density and total body water using deuterium-labeled water in subjects varying widely in body fat mass. There were 29 males and 75 females with body mass index ranging from 20 to 66 kg/m2. The relationship between fat-free mass and fat mass appeared to be linear over the range of body fat from 10 to 90 kg: males R2 = 0.67 (p less than 0.0001) and females, R2 = 0.47 (p less than 0.0001). The amount of variance explained was not greater when the log of fat mass was used in place of fat mass alone. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the relationship between fat-free mass and fat mass remained significant (p less than 0.001) after adjusting for body height, age, and fat distribution. It is concluded that over the range of body fat extending from 10 to 90 kg there is a positive and linear relationship between fat-free body mass and fat mass.
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There is increasing interest in body composition in paediatric research, as distinct from growth and nutritional status, as almost all diseases have adverse effects on either fatness or the fat-free mass. However, the approaches used to assess growth and nutritional status are not appropriate for separate evaluations of body fatness and lean mass. Traditional measurements such as body mass index and skinfold thickness do not measure fat in accurate quantitative terms. Various techniques have been used in recent years which divide body weight into fat mass and fat-free mass; however, the data tend not to be appropriately expressed. Body fatness is generally expressed as a percentage of weight, while fat-free mass typically remains unadjusted for size. A more appropriate approach is to normalise both body fatness and fat-free mass for height. This recommendation is relevant both to studies comparing patients with controls and to the expression of new reference data on body composition which are needed to allow informative comparisons. The same approach is appropriate for the classification of childhood obesity.
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Background: Excess fat leads to adverse health outcomes. Most previous studies investigating body fatness using BMI or fat percentage, which contain both fat mass and fat-free mass, were not able to differentiate the exposure.
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Hydrostatic weighing
Body Fat Percentage
Dual energy
Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry
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Existing studies suggest that weight and body composition of parents influence the size and body composition of their offspring, but are often inconclusive and conducted by means of inappropriate body composition methodology. Our aim was to study infant size and body composition variables in relation to body composition variables of their mothers and fathers in a well-nourished population using an accurate methodology.Between 2008 and 2011, we used air displacement plethysmography to measure the body composition of 209 parent-infant units. Parents were measured when women were in gestational week 32. Their healthy, singleton, full-term infants were measured at 1 week.Infant fat-free mass in grams was positively related (p ≤ 0.007) to the fat-free mass in kilograms of the mothers (15.6 g/kg) and the fathers (9.1 g/kg). Furthermore, the fat mass of the daughters, but not of the sons, was positively related to the fat mass of the mothers (5.8 g/kg, p = 0.007).This study found associations between the fat-free mass of parents and infants and an association between the fat mass of mothers and their infant girls. These findings may help to understand early life factors behind overweight and obesity.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of exercise treatment programs on changes in body mass, fat-free mass, and body fat in obese children adolescents. Methods: Using the meta-analytic approach, studies which met the following criteria were included in our analyses: 1) at least six subjects per group; 2) subject groups consisting of children in the 5–17 year age range; 3) pre-test and post-test values for either body mass, percent body fat, or FFM; 4) used exercise as a mode of treatment (e.g. walking, jogging, cycle ergometry, high-repetition, resistance exercise, and combinations); 6) training programs ≥ 3 weeks; 7) full-length publications (not conference proceedings); 8) apparently “healthy” children (i.e.) free from endocrine diseases and disorders, and 9) published studies in English language journals, only. Results: Across all designs and categories, fixed-effects modeling yielded significant decrease in the following dependent variables: percent body fat (X = .70 ± .35; 95% CI = .21 to 1.1); FFM (X = .50 ± .38; 95% CI = .03 to .57); body mass (X = .34 ± .18; 95% CI = .01 to .46); BMI (X = .76 ± .55; 95% CI = 4.24 to 1.7, and VO2 max (X. = .52 ± .16; 95% CI = .18 to .89), respectively. Significant differences were found as a function of the type intervention groups (exercise vs. exercise + behavior modification; P < 0.04, body composition assessment methods (skinfold vs. hydrostatic weighing, DEXA, and total body water; P < 0.006), exercise intensity (60–65% vs. ≥ 71% VO2 max; P < 0.01), duration (≤ 30 min vs. > 30 min; P < 0.03) and mode (aerobic vs. aerobic + resistance training, P < 0.02). Stepwise linear regression suggested that initial body fat levels (or body mass), type of treatment intervention, exercise intensity, and exercise mode accounted for most of the variance associated with changes in body composition following training. Conclusions: Exercise is efficacious for reducing selected body composition variables in children and adolescents.
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