Further Tests of Aerial Applications of ULV Organic Phosphate Insecticides for Controlling the Horn Fly in South Dakota12
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During the summer of 1969, Ravap® (a 1:4 mixture of dichlorvos and Cardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate)) and dichlorvos were tested in ULV formulations and applied by aircraft to control Haematobia irritans (L.) on range cattle in South Dakota. Ravap, in 4 pounds per gallon oil solution, was applied at 12 ounces per acre and dichlorvos at 90% solution at 2½ ounces per acre. Counts made the day following application showed that Ravap gave 78.2% reduction in the average number of horn flies per side on cows and 82.4% reduction on calves. Dichlorvos on the day following application gave 53.7% reduction on cows and 67.8% reduction on calves. Neither compound showed economic control at the end of 1 week. Horn flies, as counted in the check herd, showed 2 seasonal peaks, the average on July 15 was 1000 per side and on August 25 was 440 per side. The mid-season low average of 78 per side occurred August 4.Keywords:
Dichlorvos
Haematobia irritans
Aerial application
Abstract A dormant application of parathion 25 WP or Advantage 4EC was made on 9 Apr, 1982 to a block of mature ‘Red Delicious’ apple trees for control of San Jose Scale. Parathion was applied at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with an air blast sprayer in 200 gal of spray/acre. Advantage (2 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with an air blast sprayer also in 200 gal/acre, aerially at 14 gal/acre and as a combined aerial-air blast sprayer application. The combined application was to determine if the aerial application would improve control in the tops of the trees. Each application included 5 gal of superior oil/acre. On 8 and 9 Jun, the efficacy of each treatment was determined by counting live scales out of 100 on each of 5 twigs taken at two levels from 25 randomly selected trees per treatment. On 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment, 5 twigs were taken at 2 levels from 5 trees in each block treated with Advantage® for residue analysis. In the untreated block, and the parathion treatment, trees were too small to partition into high and low levels; therefore samples were randomly collected over the entire tree. At harvest, 50 apples from each of 5 trees were sampled to determine percent infestation.
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During the summer of 1969, Ravap® (a 1:4 mixture of dichlorvos and Cardona® (2-chloro-1-(2,4,5-trichlorophenyl) vinyl dimethyl phosphate)) and dichlorvos were tested in ULV formulations and applied by aircraft to control Haematobia irritans (L.) on range cattle in South Dakota. Ravap, in 4 pounds per gallon oil solution, was applied at 12 ounces per acre and dichlorvos at 90% solution at 2½ ounces per acre. Counts made the day following application showed that Ravap gave 78.2% reduction in the average number of horn flies per side on cows and 82.4% reduction on calves. Dichlorvos on the day following application gave 53.7% reduction on cows and 67.8% reduction on calves. Neither compound showed economic control at the end of 1 week. Horn flies, as counted in the check herd, showed 2 seasonal peaks, the average on July 15 was 1000 per side and on August 25 was 440 per side. The mid-season low average of 78 per side occurred August 4.
Dichlorvos
Haematobia irritans
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Abstract Thirteen treatments (insecticides and mixtures) were evaluated at the Red River Research Station, Bossier City, LA, to determine their efficacy in controlling the BW/TBW complex on cotton. Plots were planted 3 May and were 4 rows X 100 ft on 40-inch centers. All plots had Temik 15G (0.5 lb [AI]/acre) applied m-furrow at planting. The experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Prior to trial initiation, plots were oversprayed for boll weevils on 4 Jun and 12 Jul (Vydate C-LV at 0.25 lb [AI]/acre); for BW/TBW on 14 Jun (Orthene 90SP at 1.0 lb [AI]/acre), 29 Jun and 18 Jul (Baythroid 2EC at 0.03 and 0.033 lb [AI]/acre, respectively); and for aphids on 29 Jun and 9 Jul with Lorsban 4EC at 0.5 lb [AI]/acre and Provado 1.6F at 0.047 lb [AI]/acre, respectively. Insecticide treatments were applied in 5.9 gpa at 60 psi with TX-3 hollow-cone nozzles spaced 20 inches apart (2 nozzles/row). Treatment were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with a CO2 system for spraying small plots. Insecticide treatments were applied on 23, 30 Jul and 6 Aug. During and after the trial, all plots were oversprayed for boll weevils with methyl parathion 4EC at 0.33 lb [AI]/acre on 2, 19, 21, 30 Aug and 6 Sep and for BW/TBW on 21 Aug with Baythroid at 0.033 lb [AI]/acre. Infestations of larvae and square damage were monitored on 26 Jul, 1 and 8 Aug by examining 25 squares/plot. Yields were determined by mechanically harvesting the center 2 rows of each plot on 30 Oct.
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Haematobia irritans
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Abstract The horn fly, Haematobia irritans irritans (L.), is one of the most important external parasites of cattle in North America and elsewhere. Horn fly adults have an intimate association with cattle, their primary host. With their often-high numbers and by feeding up to 38 times per day per fly, horn flies stress cattle. The resulting productivity loss is valued at more than 2.3 billion USD in the United States. Insecticides are commonly used to mitigate direct injury from feeding and indirect injury from disease transmission. This paper discusses horn fly biology, distribution, and management. Emphasis is on promising new approaches in novel insecticides, repellents, biological control, vaccines, animal genetics, and sterile insect technology that will lead to effective preventative tactics and the integration of smart technologies with horn fly management. We conclude with a discussion of research needs necessary to shift horn fly integrated pest management to an emphasis on preventative tactics and the precision use of reactive techniques.
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The objective of this study was to evaluate if administration of clove oil prevents scur/horn growth in dairy cattle long term. At approximately 4 days of age, calves had one of four treatments assigned to each horn bud: (1) clove oil administered subcutaneously under the horn bud (CLOV, n = 132); (2) cautery disbudded and the horn bud removed (BUDOFF, n = 126); (3) cautery disbudded and the horn bud tissue left intact (BUDON, n = 129); (4) a liquid nitrogen filled probe applied to the horn bud area (CRYO, n = 131). At approximately 16 months of age, all cattle were checked for scur or horn development. A sub-set of scurs/horns from the CLOV cattle were removed to evaluate tissue and structural development. In total, 5% of CLOV buds developed into horns and 63% into scurs; 10% of the scurs looked like normally developed horns but they were not attached to the skull. Cautery disbudding prevented scur and horn development in cattle when the horn bud tissue was removed, but some scur growth was observed in the BUDON treatment. CRYO was 100% ineffective at preventing scur/horn growth. Injecting clove oil under the horn bud appeared to delay horn development, but not prevent it, when administered to 4 day old dairy calves.
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Abstract Insecticides were aerially applied to 2 fields near Indianola, IA, using a Cessna 188 Ag-Truck. Treatments were replicated 3 times in each field in a RCB. On 25 Jul, field counts indicated 60 egg masses per 100 plants in Field 1 and 9 egg masses per 100 plants in Field 2. Insecticides were applied on 29 Jul; the 2nd application for the split Penncap M treatment was made on 9 Aug. Ten consecutive stalks in each plot were split on 29 Aug and the number of live larvae counted. Yields from each plot were taken from Field 1 by collecting corn ears from 35 ft of row (2 adjacent rows of 17.5 ft near the original 10 split stalks) on 19 Sep. Because of the unevenness of the plant population, ear yield per plant served as the basis for yield estimation. Ears were weighed, adjusted to 15.5% moisture, and extrapolated to bu/acre based on 22,000 plants per acre. Yields in Field 2 were taken with a combine on 30 Oct. The center 4 rows of each plot (approximately 0.55 acre) were harvested, weighed, and adjusted to 15.5% moisture. Yields were converted to bu/acre based on field measurements taken with a measuring wheel. Data were analyzed by using PROC ANOVA or PROC GLM procedures of SAS. Mean separation was accomplished using Fisher’s protected LSD procedure.
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Experimental aerial applications of insecticides for control of the jack-pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus pinus Freeman, were made for the first time in Manitoba during 1967. Three chemicals were tested for efficacy in reducing larval populations and, hence, protecting the foliage of planted and natural pines from serious injury. DDTwas used in for mulations ofO.25Ib., 0.50 lb., and 0.75Ib. (actual)/acre, and MatacH and Sumithion at rates of 0.20 lb. and 0.50 lb. / acre, respectively. Results showed that all formulations of DDT substantially reduced populations of fourth-instar larvae of the jack-pine budworm, but superior control was attained with the higher rates (0.50 lb. and 0.75 lb. /acre) of applica tion. Matacil and Sumithion at the rates applied gave control equivalent to applications of DDT at 0.50 lb. /acre.
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Abstract Tortricidae) ON AVOCADOS, DEC 1980: In an unreplicated test, 3 insecticides were applied to 6-yr-old commercially grown avocado trees (15 ft x 20 ft spacing) located in Riverside County, CA. Each material was applied by helicopter at 20 gal/acre finished spray to a single row of trees, or approximately 0.5 acre. Test rows were separated by at least 6 untreated buffer rows. Fifteen A. cuneana nests were examined on each of 10 trees/treatment for live larvae. The same trees were sampled both pre- and post-treatment. Nests were randomly sampled from both inner and outer areas of the tree from a height of 1-8 ft above ground. Nests were not sampled more than once unless reconstructed by larvae.
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More than a year ago, we reported the procedures used to rear the horn fly, Haematobia irritans (L.), at Kerrville (Schmidt et al. 1967). Since that time, several changes have been made that improve fly production or reduce costs.
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