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    Green Biological Transformation of Food and Yard Waste
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    Abstract:
    The composting of organic waste is an alternative waste management technique that can be used to control the increase in waste generation. The objective of this study was to identify a type of effective microbes (EMs) that accelerate the composting process. The study also determined the suitability of using a KompostKu rotary composter along with additional materials such as coconut husks and Takakura EMs for composting food waste from the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), and determines the economic value of the compost. In order to select the most efficient EMs, Takakura and fruit waste EMs were prepared and used during the composting of both food and yard waste using a composter barrel. Four important parameters were examined to ensure the effectiveness of the process, including temperature, moisture content, potential of hydrogen (pH), and carbon to nitrogen (C/N) ratio. The experimental results revealed that Takakura EMs were superior to the fruit waste EMs in accelerating the composting process. The use of coconut husks as an absorbing agent with Takakura EMs also accelerated the composting process, requiring approximately four weeks to fully decompose the food waste. It was estimated that the composting of food and landscape waste at the UKM could annually generate compost products worth over 30,660 Malaysian Ringgit (MYR). The use of Takakura EMs enhanced and accelerated the composting process and provided high-quality compost
    Keywords:
    Husk
    Food Waste
    Green waste
    Mechanical biological treatment
    Biodegradable waste
    Anaerobic digestion is the process that generates the biogas. This process can be used successfully to treat municipal organic solid wastes and kitchen waste to produce valuable end products, such as methane gas and fertilizer.This research aimed at finding out how a large scale market place in Ratmalana, a city close to capital, Sri Lanka can successfully utilize its organic waste as opposed to land filling or dumping. The study specifically aimed at determination of composition and characterization of waste produced over a season followed by possibility of biogas generation using anaerobic digestion process for the use in a nearby University restaurant. The study revealed that the composition of the market waste as follows; vegetable wastes 45%, fruit wastes 35% , packing materials 15% and restaurant waste/food waste 3%, The materials in the form of stones, plastics, wood etc. was less than 1.3 % of the waste quantity. Total average waste production per day was around 1 ton. The average pH value, percentage of water present, percentage of solids and percentage of volatiles present in fruits and vegetable were 6.38, 92%, 8.08% and 6.18% respectively. BiomethanePotential (BMP) in respect to fruit and vegetable waste and Food waste were found to be 0.3 and 0.56 m3 CH4/kg respectively. The biodegradability of fruit and vegetable waste and food waste were calculated as be 59.3%, 83.6%, respectively.According to characteristics and Biomethanepotential of the feedstock the biogas production rate was estimated as 21.75m3/day. A pilot scale digester was designed with a volume of 52.57 m3 which would generate 8.72 m3 of biogas per day, considering practical limitations. It was estimated that at least three Continuous flow biogas digesters of the same volume of are needed to treat all the waste produced. According to the study the quantity of waste produced at the market place can be successfully used to generate one fourth of the energy requirement of the university restaurant
    Food Waste
    Biogas
    Biodegradable waste
    Green waste
    Citations (3)
    In Malaysia, large amounts of organic materials, which lead to disposal problems, are generated from agricultural residues especially from palm oil industries. Increasing landfill costs and regulations, which limit many types of waste accepted at landfills, have increased the interest in composting as a component of waste management. The objectives of this study were to characterize compost feedstock properties of common organic waste materials available in Malaysia. Thus, a ratio modelling of matching ingredients for empty fruit bunches (EFBs) co-composting using different organic materials in Malaysia was done. Organic waste materials with a C/N ratio of < 30 can be applied as a nitrogen source in EFB co-composting. The outcome of this study suggested that the percentage of EFB ranged between 50% and 60%, which is considered as the ideal mixing ratio in EFB co-composting. Conclusively, EFB can be utilized in composting if appropriate feedstock in term of physical and chemical characteristics is coordinated in the co-composting process.
    Mechanical biological treatment
    Biodegradable waste
    Green waste
    Abstract. Food waste is one of the largest component of municipal solid waste (MSW) in Canada and USA. About 30%-50% of global produced food becomes waste and this value is around 40% in North America. On average a Canadian produces almost 300 kg food waste annually and half of it is collected separately from individual households which needs immediate treatment. In majority of the cities and municipalities in North America (especially in USA) the food waste is collected and disposed in a MSW landfill. There has been recent trends in many cities and municipalities in North America including Ontario is to collect the food waste as part of source separated organics (SSO) and treat and manage the SSO using either compost plants (aerobic process) or as part of an anaerobic digestion (AD) plants with composting treatment being a dominant one. Both these approaches have their benefits and drawbacks. In very recent, there has been discussions in the waste related symposiums and conferences has been to use a hybrid approach, which is to separately collect the readily degradable food waste and treat them in an AD system to capture the methane gas and use it as an energy source and use the AD solid digestate along with other organic wastes to produce a good quality compost to recover nutrient value and use it as the soil amendment. For evaluation of this hybrid approach, a laboratory scale wet mesophilc type AD treatment of food waste was considered to determine optimum operational conditions for maximum energy recovery from food waste streams. In addition, the AD solid digestate composting was evaluated mixing with other organic waste to produce good quality compost. A batch scale continuous stirred-tank reactor (CSTR) type food waste AD for biogas production in the laboratory at mesophilic temperature can determine the optimum production parameters. An existing southwest Ontario food waste AD facility was evaluated for this AD reactor. Food waste characterization and pre-treatment can be carried out at AD plant and the laboratory set up condition can be same as the existing food waste AD plant. A windrow composting process activities can be monitored and evaluated from the same city composting facility. AD solid digestate co-compost in this compost plant was evaluated. Temperature, PH, C/N ratio, moisture content and produced gases from AD and other parameters along with aerobic composting parameters were considered same as the existing facility. Finally this hybrid approach was compared with the existing systems in an Ontario city e.g., Greater Toronto (GTA) AD and composting facility.
    Food Waste
    Digestate
    Biodegradable waste
    Green waste
    Mechanical biological treatment
    Citations (0)
    Forty percent of the food generated in Canada is wasted, making it the most significant component of municipal solid waste. Food waste characteristics, such as high moisture and oil content, and variable composition, make it difficult to manage with conventional waste treatment methods. Part of food waste is disposed of in landfills, generating greenhouse gases and significantly increasing the carbon footprint. Various treatment methods such as composting and anaerobic digestion have been employed to treat and manage the remaining waste efficiently. This study provides an overview of the impact of composting as a food waste treatment method in Canada and paves way for the research of the usefulness of composting in addition to other food waste treatment methods such as anaerobic digestion. Average composting data for Canada was used to determine the change in the carbon footprint by the diversion of food waste using CCaLC2 software. It was determined that the overall carbon footprint of 1.38 and 1.33 mega-tons of CO2 was reduced from the composting of food waste in the years 2014 and 2016, which were approximately 18% and 20% of the total footprint of Canada municipal solid waste, respectively. The carbon footprint data collected herein were compared to the data from England, Sweden, and the USA to reveal the high effectiveness of composting in Canada.
    Food Waste
    Carbon Footprint
    Green waste
    Mechanical biological treatment
    Biodegradable waste
    Citations (16)
    Purpose of study: The interest of this study is to show that the composting of various organic materials makes it possible to contribute to reducing the quantities of Waste sent to landfills and, consequently, the removal of their environmental impact. The aim is to show that aerobic composting of organic Waste can be an alternative to sustainable waste management in Algeria by examining the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams. Methodology: The method is based on analyzing documentary data, field surveys and experiments. The latter examines the potential for producing compost from different organic waste streams in Algeria. Three types of Waste are composted and analyzed: green Waste, kitchen waste and a combination. The experiment was carried out from March until June 2021; it involved using organic Waste to produce three different composts in their composition. Research has focused on studying the complex interplay between physical, chemical and biological factors that occur during composting and compost quality parameters. Result: The results showed that composting the organic fraction of Waste reduced its mass by 22% for green Waste, 70% for kitchen waste and 63% for the mixture of the two. The variation of the process monitoring parameters (temperature, humidity, pH) corresponds perfectly to those established in previous studies. Through analysis and the germination test, the result has made it possible to obtain good-quality compost that can be used in agriculture. Conclusion: The maturity of the composts obtained was checked by the germination test, demonstrating that the highest germination rate was recorded at the level of the soil-compost mixtures, regardless of the type of compost used. However, compost made from kitchen scraps alone has the highest rate. Chemical analyses of the composts confirmed these results, which are acceptable to French standards, given the lack of Algerian standards. This study demonstrates that composting has significantly reduced the Waste mass and obtained good quality compost.
    Green waste
    Biodegradable waste
    Mechanical biological treatment
    Food Waste
    Citations (1)