Multiband Directional Neighbor Discovery in Self-Organized mmWave Ad Hoc Networks
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A 60-GHz radio is an attractive technology in wireless home networks because it can provide high data rate up to a few gigabits per second. A 60-GHz network generally uses directional antennas and has a problem of neighbor discovery (ND), although it has an advantage of high data transmissions. In particular, if a directional antenna is used in self-organized wireless ad hoc networks, the ND time and energy consumption can be significantly increased. To solve this problem, we propose a multiband directional ND (MDND) scheme, in which management procedures are carried out by using the 2.4-GHz band with the omnidirectional antennas, whereas data transmissions are performed by using the 60-GHz band with directional antennas. Analytical models on the ND time and energy consumption are also derived by considering assisted and beamforming periods in the ND procedure through the omnidirectional and directional antennas. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms comparative schemes that use only directional beamforming in terms of the average ND time and energy consumption.Keywords:
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Gigabit
Many authors suggest directional antennas to enhance the transmission performance of ZigBee networks. For line-of-sight propagation, directional antennas can extend the transmission range or reduce the transmit power. Directional antennas may also reduce interference between networks operating in the same frequency channel. However, these antennas may not perform similarly under non-line-of-sight propagation conditions. This work presents a study with ZigBee modules comparing the performance of a directional antenna with an omnidirectional one. The measurements were conducted on a university campus for different propagation outdoor environments. A deconvolution technique was applied to estimate the received signal as a function of the azimuth angle. The results demonstrated that the received power followed the gain difference between antennas only for paths with low attenuation. Considering the same Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP), the system with directional antennas started to lose packets at the same distance as the omnidirectional antennas. The directional antenna did not allow the increase in the link range compared to the omnidirectional antenna. The power consumption was also measured for different transmit power levels of the ZigBee radio. The study showed that the control circuits of directional antennas typically consume more power than omnidirectional antennas operating at a higher transmit power level.
Effective radiated power
Conformal antenna
Non-line-of-sight propagation
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Smart antennas are a specific type of directional antenna able to dynamically control the gain as a function of direction. This contrasts with more traditional directional antennas, where the dynamic ability is missing, and with omnidirectional antennas, which are designed to have equal gain in all directions.
Reconfigurable antenna
Conformal antenna
Reflective array antenna
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High-gain antenna
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Connectivity is a crucial issue in wireless networks. Gupta and Kumar show that with omnidirectional antennas, the critical transmission range for a wireless network to achieve asymptotic connectivity is O(radiclog n/n) if n nodes are uniformly and independently distributed in a disk of unit area. In this paper, we investigate the connectivity problem when directional antennas are used. We find that there also exists a critical transmission range, which corresponds to a critical transmission power. We show that in the same propagation environment, when directional antennas use the optimal antenna pattern, the critical transmission power could be much smaller than that in networks using omnidirectional antennas. Moreover, to achieve asymptotic connectivity, it is known that each node has to have O(log n) neighbors when using omnidirectional antennas. We show that even using the transmission power level at which each node has only O(1) neighbors when using omnidirectional antennas, we can still achieve the asymptotic connectivity with directional antennas.
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The application of smart or intelligent antennas at base stations of cellular radio systems has been proven to be a successful way to enhance the performance and the channel capacity of personal communication systems. This paper presents a new type of mobile phone car antenna, which is implemented as a phased array of multiple short antennas with optimum omnidirectional patterns. In addition, it allows adaptive beam steering as well. Optimum reception can be achieved by using the same set of antennas in diversity mode. In spite of the comparatively low technical effort and the small dimensions this highly effective antenna configuration opens the possibility for smart antenna application in vehicles as well.
Reconfigurable antenna
Conformal antenna
Antenna diversity
Beam steering
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One of the key element in performance measurement for a neighbor discovery algorithm with switched beam antennas is how long it takes to discover the neighbors given that nodes do not have any prior knowledge about their neighbors. An impression we may have in neighbor discovery is that algorithms based on directional antennas takes longer time for a node to discover all its neighbors than those entirely based on omnidirectional antennas. We propose two neighbor discovery schemes, one is based on time slotting and the other on the well known CSMA/CA unslotted version. We evaluate the time that the sink needs to discover its neighbors when it is equipped with a switched beam antenna, and when it uses an omnidirectional antenna. Through our simulation results, we show that when neighbor discovery algorithms based on directional antennas are correctly designed, they achieve the same order of performance in terms of time needed by the sink to discover all its neighbors as those based on omnidirectional antennas. Our simulation results also show that when using a switched beam antenna and CSMA/CA algorithm for medium access at the sink, the discovery delay is higher.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
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A 60-GHz radio is an attractive technology in wireless home networks because it can provide high data rate up to a few gigabits per second. A 60-GHz network generally uses directional antennas and has a problem of neighbor discovery (ND), although it has an advantage of high data transmissions. In particular, if a directional antenna is used in self-organized wireless ad hoc networks, the ND time and energy consumption can be significantly increased. To solve this problem, we propose a multiband directional ND (MDND) scheme, in which management procedures are carried out by using the 2.4-GHz band with the omnidirectional antennas, whereas data transmissions are performed by using the 60-GHz band with directional antennas. Analytical models on the ND time and energy consumption are also derived by considering assisted and beamforming periods in the ND procedure through the omnidirectional and directional antennas. Performance evaluation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme outperforms comparative schemes that use only directional beamforming in terms of the average ND time and energy consumption.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Gigabit
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Smart antennas are a promising technology to increase the capacity of cellular systems. However, under severe channel conditions, the capacity gain may be small. This work presents a general methodology for the analysis of the effect of the power angular dispersion on the capacity gain when using smart antennas; linear and circular antenna arrays are analyzed. The omnidirectional case becomes particular case of the presented methodology. Finally, the maximum number of users is determined for a smart antenna system and for general antenna beam pattern and general spread characteristic.
Reconfigurable antenna
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Using directional antennas in wireless networks has become a popular approach due to its benefits. However, since the existing MAC protocols were not designed to work with such antennas, when the existing protocols are used, the network capacity may even deteriorate rather than improve. In this paper, a neighbor discovery algorithm has been proposed for a system using directional antennas. A discovery algorithm proposed by [1] has been studied and its efficiency has been improved by making some changes. With directional antennas finding the neighbor can be a knotty problem, since when and where to point the beam is really critical for communication. Some proposed systems use GPS, omnidirectional antennas or time synchronization to solve these problems. However, the proposed system in this paper needs neither GPS nor omnidirectional antennas. It does not depend on time synchronization either.
Neighbor Discovery Protocol
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The new antenna techniques for mobile communication are described in this paper Several novel antennas such as omnidirectional antennas with high gain, multiband antennas, multibeam antennas, polarization diversity antennas,and smart antennas are presented
Reconfigurable antenna
Conformal antenna
Antenna diversity
Reflective array antenna
Biconical antenna
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