Uptake and Distribution of Nitrogen Derived from Hairy Vetch Used as a Cover Crop by Tomato Plant
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One of the ways to reduce chemical fertilizer application is the use of cover crops, which improve soil properties and supply nutrition to subsequent crops. The application effect of a legume cover crop, hairy vetch (Vicia villosa R., HV), on N dynamics in fresh market tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L.), 'House Momotaro,' was investigated using the 15N-labeling method. Tomato seedlings were transplanted into a 1/2000 a Wagner pot at 0, 80, and 240 kg·ha−1 of N application (N0HV, N80HV, and N240HV) on June 9, 2011. Before transplanting, the labeled HV and chemical fertilizers were incorporated into the soil. Five tomato plants were collected 6 times in each treatment and then separated into leaves, stems, and roots. Fruits were harvested at maturity. HV-derived N uptake was recognized mainly in the first 4 weeks after transplant (WAT). Especially in N240HV, HV-derived N uptake ceased at 4 WAT. The uptake amounts of HV-derived N at 10 WAT were 587, 657, and 729 mg·plant−1 in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, and were increased by decreasing N fertilizer application. The rate of N uptake derived from HV to total N uptake in tomato plants (%Ndfhv) was the highest at 2 WAT, and %Ndfhv in N80HV (52.1%) and N0HV (51.5%) were significantly higher than in N240HV (43.6%). After 2 WAT, %Ndfhv decreased gradually in all N rates as tomatoes grew and decreased to 24.8%, 34.4%, and 37.1% in N240HV, N80HV, and N0HV, respectively, until 12 WAT. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) from HV-derived N was the highest at 10 WAT, and N0HV (55.3%) was significantly higher than N240HV (44.5%) and N80HV (49.8%). The partition rate of HV-derived N into fruits was 63.9%, and 39.7% of HV-derived N was distributed into 1st and 2nd fruit clusters. From these results, it was clarified that HV can be expected to be an alternative N fertilizer because HV-derived N was absorbed effectively with a small amount of N fertilizer. Further research on fertilizer management in tomato's early stage will be needed for an N-reduction system because HV-derived N was mainly absorbed for 4 WAT.Keywords:
Vicia villosa
Transplanting
Abstract Cover crop management in no‐tillage systems prior to planting the principal crop can be an important tool in maximizing the beneficial effects of the cover crop on the principal crop. A field experiment was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to examine timing effects of cover crop desiccation relative to corn planting [early desiccation/early plant (EE), early desiccation/late plant (EL), and late desiccation/ late plant (LL)] and fertilizer N (0, 100, and 200 kg ha −1 ) on corn growth and yield. These management schemes were evaluated for fallow, rye ( Secale cereale L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), and hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth.) cover crop systems. Corn dry matter production and N uptake, monitored in all 0 kg N ha −1 treatments, were significantly affected by cover crop management and varied according to stage of development and climatic conditions. Cover crop type had a pronounced effect on corn growth, with corn dry matter production in a rye cover crop lower than in legume cover crops. Grain yield response to applied N was greatest in a rye cover crop system. In contrast, a grain yield response up to the first increment of fertilizer N (100 kg ha −1 ) in legume cover crop systems was observed only in 1984. Corn recovery of legume N was estimated at 40 to 45 kg N ha −1 (2‐yr avg.), representing approximately 36 and 30% of the total N content of crimson clover and hairy vetch, respectively. These data indicate that winter annual legume cover crops are capable of providing a substantial portion of the N required by corn. Additionally, cover crop management should insure that corn planting is not delayed to allow for additional legume growth and N production.
Vicia villosa
Secale
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Abstract Many of the advantages of no‐tillage crop production are due to the presence of a mulch from a cover crop or from crop residue. Legumes can be used to provide the mulch and biologically fixed N to nonlegumes in the system. Field experiments were conducted from 1977 through 1981 to determine the amount of biologically fixed N provided to no‐tillage corn ( Zea mays L.) by winter annual legume cover crops of hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), big flower vetch ( Vicia grandiflora W. Koch var. Kitailbeliuna ), and crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnuturn L.). The legumes were compared to a cover of corn residue only and a cover crop of rye ( Secale cereule L.). The soil was a Maury silt loam (Typic Paleudalfs, fine‐silty, mixed, mesic). Fertilizer N treatments of 0, 50, and 100 kg ha −1 were combined with each cover treatment. Corn was planted by no‐tillage directly into the cover treatments and the cover crops were killed with herbicides. Hairy vetch produced more dry matter with a higher N percentage which resulted in a higher N concentration in corn plants and substantially more inorganic N (KCI extractable NH + 4 and NO − 3 ) in the soil than with the other legumes. Big flower vetch and crimson clover provided much less N than hairy vetch. Five‐year average yields of corn grain following hairy vetch cover crop with no N fertilizer were about 2.5 Mg ha −1 more than corn yields when following corn residue or rye cover crop. We estimated that hairy vetch supplied biologically fixed N equivalent to approximately 90 to 100 kg ha −1 fertilizer N annually to the corn, based on a comparison of grain yields with corn grown in corn residue and rye. In addition to functioning as an effective mulch, certain legume cover crops can provide a substantial portion of the N for no‐tillage corn production, decreasing the amount of N fertilizer needed.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Red Clover
Crop Residue
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Core Ideas Hairy vetch–triticale biomass peaked at early hairy vetch flowering but mechanical control was highest at late flowering to early pod set. Cereal rye biomass peaked at late dough stage but optimal mechanical control was obtained between 50% anthesis and early milk stages. Volunteer hairy vetch was problematic in Delaware and Maryland whereas volunteer cereal rye was problematic in Pennsylvania. Volunteer cover crops resulting from incomplete termination with mechanical rolling can be problematic in subsequent crops and may impact the benefits of organic rotational no‐till. Cover crop‐based rotational no‐till enables organic farmers to reduce labor and build soil health. In these systems, cover crops are terminated with a roller‐crimper and cash crops are direct‐seeded into the resulting mulch. A systems experiment was conducted at three Mid‐Atlantic locations to test how cover crop termination timing affects cover crop biomass production, control, and volunteers in subsequent crops during the transition to organic production. The annual crop rotation was hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) plus triticale ( x Triticosecale Wittm.)–corn ( Zea mays L.)–cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.)–soybean [( Glycine max (L.) Merr.]–winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) using a full‐entry design. Cover crops were terminated based on growth stages designated Early, Intermediate, or Late. Hairy vetch–triticale and cereal rye biomass production exceeded 5000 kg ha −1 by Late termination in all site‐ years. Although hairy vetch–triticale biomass production peaked at early flowering of hairy vetch, control increased as termination was delayed. Hairy vetch regrowth and volunteer hairy vetch in subsequent soybean and winter wheat crops was lower in Late compared to Early termination treatments. Cereal rye biomass increased as termination was delayed but optimal control was achieved with Intermediate termination. Rolling cereal rye Early resulted in tillering and seed production whereas rolling Late allowed kernels to mature. Wheat grain contamination by volunteer hairy vetch ranged from 11 to 29% and by volunteer cereal rye from 3 to 11% at Maryland and Pennsylvania, respectively, demonstrating that minimizing cover crop seed production with strategic termination is critical in rotational no‐till.
Vicia villosa
Triticale
Secale
Crop Rotation
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Abstract Organic cropping systems that utilize winter grown cereal–legume cover crop mixtures can increase plant available nitrogen (N) to a subsequent cash crop, but the rate of N release is uncertain due to variations in residue composition and environmental conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate N availability from rye ( Secale cereale L.)–hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop mixtures and to measure the response of organically grown sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) to N provided by cover crop mixtures. Nitrogen availability from pure rye, pure hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixtures was estimated using laboratory incubation with controlled temperature and soil moisture. Sweet corn N response was determined in a 2-year field experiment in western Washington with three cover crop treatments as main plots (50:50 rye–vetch seed mixture planted mid September, planted early October, and none) and four feather meal N rates as subplots (0, 56, 112 and 168 kg available N ha −1 ). Pure hairy vetch and a 75% rye–25% hairy vetch biomass mixture (R 75 V 25 ) released similar amounts of N over 70 days in the laboratory incubation. But, the initial release of N from the (R 75 V 25 ) treatment was nearly 70% lower, which may result in N release that is better timed with crop uptake. Cover crops in the field were dominated by rye and contained 34–76 kg ha −1 total N with C:N ranging from 18 to 27. Although time of planting and management of cover crop quality improved N uptake in sweet corn, cover crops provided only supplemental plant available N in this system.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Cropping system
Vicia sativa
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Citations (52)
Vicia villosa
Secale
Monoculture
Sweet sorghum
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Abstract Winter annual legume cover crops can reduce nitrogen (N) fertilizer requirements and provide a water-conserving mulch to a subsequent crop. A two-year study was designed to test cover crops of rye ( Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), and big/lower vetch ( Vicia grandiflora Scopoli) for their ability to produce N and to conserve soil water for a succeeding corn ( Zea mays L.) crop. We measured the cover crops' biomass, N yield, carbon (C) to N ratio, and influence on a subsequent corn crop grown under two tillage regimes (disk tillage or no-till). Nitrogen content in cover crop biomass at time of corn planting ranged from 37 to 187 kg/ha. Pure stands of hairy vetch and a mixture of hairy vetch plus bigflower vetch had generally higher N yields, and rye was lowest. Rye growing in association with hairy vetch had lower C:N ratios than rye growing alone. Legume C:N ratios remained generally unchanged from earlier (disked) to later (herbicide) kill dates, but total N and biomass typically increased in the last 2 to 3 weeks before corn planting. Soil water retention was affected by tillage in some cases; no-till was superior to disk incorporation in each case where there was a tillage effect. Cover crops with greater biomass resulted in greater soil water retention. Among cover crops, uptake ofNby corn was greater from hairy vetch or hairy vetch plus bigflower vetch mixture. Biological immobilization of N appeared to be reducing N uptake by corn grown in rye residues. Corn in nonlegume plots fertilized with 140 or 210 kg N/ha took up more N than corn following legumes, but there was no corresponding yield increase. Corn biomass yields following the cover crops ranged from 8.6 to 18.0 Mg/ha with no additional fertilizer N. In the second year of the study, average corn yields following hairy vetch (15.3 Mg/ha) or hairy-bigflower vetch mixtures (16.4 Mg/ha) were not statistically different from corn yields produced by a 140 kg N/ha fertilizer rate (17.4 Mg/ha). These results suggest N from a legume cover crop can replace or substantially reduce fertilizer N requirements in corn production systems in the Appalachian region.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Vicia sativa
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Citations (60)
Cover crop spring kill date and species affect spring water use by covers, summer moisture conservation by cover crop residue, and yield of subsequent corn ( Zea mays L.). Data are needed on spring management strategies for cover crop mixtures of hairy vetch (HV) ( Vicia villosa Roth) and cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.), compared to pure stands, to make accurate corn fertilizer nitrogen (FN) recommendations and to optimize moisture use vs. conservation by cover crop mixtures. A 2‐yr study evaluated a grass‐selective herbicide (GSH) applied in late March to a pure rye cover and a vetch–rye mixture, allowing the vetch to accumulate N until early May. These treatments were compared to early May‐killed pure rye, pure vetch, vetch–rye mixture, and no‐cover control. Corn FN rates of 0, 45, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha −1 were applied in June. Corn grain yield was greater following pure stands of vetch than following any other cover crop treatment, regardless of kill date. The average economic optimum FN rate was about 150 kg N ha −1 without a cover. With a cover crop and compared to the control, the hairy vetch replaced about 80 kg FN ha −1 , the vetch–rye mixture replaced about 15 kg FN ha −1 , while the pure rye removed an additional 50 kg FN ha −1 . Spring soil moisture (0–20 cm) beneath growing covers was greater than or equal to the no‐cover controls throughout the spring and the summer. There was no significant difference in corn FN response for the early kill date of rye with a GSH, compared with the conventional late‐kill date.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Vicia sativa
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Citations (47)
Core Ideas Removal of aboveground biomass may affect soil C and N under sweet sorghum. The effect of cover crop and N fertilization on soil C and N under sweet sorghum was examined. SOC and STN were greater with vetch and vetch/rye mixture than other cover crops NH 4 ‐N was greater with rye and NO 3 ‐N greater with vetch/rye than other cover crops. Vetch and vetch/rye can enhance soil C and N storage and optimize N availability. Sustainable production of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grown for bioenergy production depends on practices that maintain soil C and N levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops (hairy vetch [ Vicia villosa Roth], rye [ Secaele cereale L.], hairy vetch/rye mixture, and the control [no cover crop]) and N fertilization rates (0 and 90 kg N ha − ) on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), NH 4 –N, and NO 3 –N contents at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Cover crop biomass yield and C content were greater with vetch/rye than vetch and the control and N content greater with vetch and vetch/rye than the control in 2013 and 2014. The SOC and STN at 0 to 5 cm were greater with vetch/rye than the control and at 15 to 30 cm were greater with vetch than vetch/rye. At 0 to 5 cm, SOC increased at 0.55 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 and STN at 0.06 Mg N ha −1 yr −1 , regardless of treatments. At most depths, NH 4 –N content was greater with rye than the control and greater with 0 than 90 kg N ha −1 , but NO 3 –N content was greater with vetch/rye than rye. Because of greater cover crop C and N inputs, soil C and N stocks can be enhanced and N availability can be optimized by growing vetch and vetch/rye mixture cover crops to replace the stocks reduced by the removal of aboveground sweet sorghum biomass.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Secale
Sweet sorghum
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Cover crops, non-harvested crops grown between cash crop production, are an agroecologicalapproach that can increase ecosystem service provisioning. Legume cover crops in particularare valuable for their contribution of nitrogen (N) via the process of biological nitrogenfixation. Organic producers in the United States are prohibited from utilizing synthetic nitrogenfertilizer, and thus employ legume cover crops to provide available N for their non-legume cashcrops. This study evaluates the potential of legume cover crops to contribute to soil N pools.We assessed four winter annual cover crop treatments at two sites in the state of Minnesota inthe northern United States, including a rye non-legume control (Secale cereal, RYE), red clover(Trifolium pretense L., CLO), hairy vetch ecotype 1 (Vicia villosa, V1), hairy vetch ecotype2 (V2), and a hairy vetch – rye bi-culture (V2 MIX). Additional treatments of with-rhizobia inoculationand without-rhizobia inoculation were imposed to determine the need for inoculation.Results showed that cover crop legumes contributed from 30-75 kg N ha yr-1, with 50-70% ofplant biomass N derived from the atmosphere via biological nitrogen fixation. An increase inavailable soil N was observed following spring cover crop termination. No differences wereobserved in nitrogen fixation or nodulation parameters, suggesting that sufficient native soilrhizobia populations were present to carry out nitrogen fixation.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Monoculture
Red Clover
Trifolium repens
Lathyrus
Vicia sativa
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Abstract Efficient utilization of N contained in cover crop residues by the subsequent summer crop requires an understanding of temporal patterns of N release as related to specific management strategies. The objective of this research was to determine, under field conditions, changes in plant composition and subsequent patterns of N release resulting from two desiccation dates approximately 2 wk apart (early and late) for rye ( Secale cereale L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), and hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) cover crops. Averaged over 2 yr the late desiccation treatment resulted in increases in cover crop dry matter of 39, 41, and 61% for rye, crimson clover, and hairy vetch, respectively. Corresponding increases in total N content of the respective cover crops were 14, 23, and 41%. Significant differences in cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents were found among cover crop residues between desiccation times. Nitrogen release from decomposing cover crop residues was monitored using nylon mesh (53 µm) bags. In general, the order of N release was hairy vetch > crimson clover > rye. Cover crops desiccated early decomposed faster, however, the relative magnitude of these N release patterns differed sharply between years. The percentage of initial residue N remaining after 16 wk for the early desiccation date in 1984 was 53, 14, and 13% for rye, crimson clover, and hairy vetch, respectively, compared with corresponding values of 59, 42, and 35% in 1985, which was characterized by a relatively dry growing season. Estimates of N released from each cover crop indicated that the potentially larger available N pool resulting from a delay in desiccation was offset by the slower rate of N release, especially for rye and crimson clover.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Growing season
Red Clover
Trifolium subterraneum
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