Nitrogen contribution of rye–hairy vetch cover crop mixtures to organically grown sweet corn
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Abstract Organic cropping systems that utilize winter grown cereal–legume cover crop mixtures can increase plant available nitrogen (N) to a subsequent cash crop, but the rate of N release is uncertain due to variations in residue composition and environmental conditions. A study was conducted to evaluate N availability from rye ( Secale cereale L.)–hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth) cover crop mixtures and to measure the response of organically grown sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) to N provided by cover crop mixtures. Nitrogen availability from pure rye, pure hairy vetch, and rye–vetch mixtures was estimated using laboratory incubation with controlled temperature and soil moisture. Sweet corn N response was determined in a 2-year field experiment in western Washington with three cover crop treatments as main plots (50:50 rye–vetch seed mixture planted mid September, planted early October, and none) and four feather meal N rates as subplots (0, 56, 112 and 168 kg available N ha −1 ). Pure hairy vetch and a 75% rye–25% hairy vetch biomass mixture (R 75 V 25 ) released similar amounts of N over 70 days in the laboratory incubation. But, the initial release of N from the (R 75 V 25 ) treatment was nearly 70% lower, which may result in N release that is better timed with crop uptake. Cover crops in the field were dominated by rye and contained 34–76 kg ha −1 total N with C:N ranging from 18 to 27. Although time of planting and management of cover crop quality improved N uptake in sweet corn, cover crops provided only supplemental plant available N in this system.Keywords:
Vicia villosa
Secale
Cropping system
Vicia sativa
Secale
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Villosa
Vicia
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Soil characteristics are important indicators of the potential for agricultural production. The field experiments were carried out at the Agriculture Research Station of agricultural faculty in the University of Maragheh in 2012 in order to investigate the effects of green manure on some soil physicochemical properties. The experiment was performed based on randomized completed blocks design with four replications. The green manure factor was consisting on: Grasspea (Lathyrus sativus), Vetch (Vicia villosa L), Berseem clover (Trifolium alexandriu), Sanfoin (Onobrychis sativa), Maragheh vetch (Vicia dasycarp) and control treatment. Results showed that application of green manure had significant effects on the organic carbon (OC), calcium carbonate equivalent (CCE), bulk density, moisture percentage and electrical conductivity of soil extract. Grasspea factor had the highest rate soil organic carbon and EC but, they have the lowest rate under control treatment. The CCE is in its highest rate under vetch, and Berseem clover. Control treatment showed highest rate of bulk density, and under Vetch treatment it has lowest rate. Moisture content rate has the highest rate under Vetch treatment.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Lathyrus
Medicago sativa
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Cover crop kill date affects N fixation by hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), N uptake by cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.), residue C/N ratio, and subsequent N availability. Data are needed on spring management of vetch–rye cover crop mixtures, compared to pure stands, to estimate fertilizer nitrogen (FN) equivalents. A 2‐yr study evaluated spring management of hairy vetch (HV), pure rye, a vetch–rye mixture, and a no‐cover check on N accumulation and subsequent no‐till corn N uptake following corn FN rates of 0, 45, 90, 180, and 270 kg ha −1 . A grass‐selective herbicide (GSH) was applied in late March to the pure rye and the vetch–rye mixture, leaving HV to accumulate N until early May. These treatments were compared to the same covers killed in early May. Cover crop N uptake was lowest for rye, intermediate for the mixtures, and highest for HV. The N content in the pure rye and vetch–rye mixture was significantly increased if the previous year's corn had received excess FN. The cover crop mixture produced greater rye growth if fall soil nitrate N was high, while low soil nitrate N resulted in greater yield of HV in the mixture. There was no difference in corn N uptake for the late‐ vs. early kill pure rye, or of the rye component in the vetch–rye mixture. A vetch–rye mixture functioned like a “dual purpose” cover by conserving fall residual N, producing a lower C/N ratio residue than pure rye, and supplying more N to the succeeding corn than pure rye, although the N supplied was still less than pure vetch.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Vicia sativa
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Soil conservation and the improvement of characteristics are the most important aims of sustainable agriculture. The cover crop planting during fallow can be beneficial in order to achieve these aims. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to investigate the effects of rye (Secale cereale L.)and common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) cover crops planted as pure and mixed on soil physicochemical characteristics during the 2011-2012 growing season at the Agricultural Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran. The experiment was a split plot in time based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three cover crop treatments including rye (Secale cereale L.), common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) and mixed (rye + common vetch) and two incorporation date (March and April) were considered. Control plot (without cover crop) was also included in each block. Results indicated that the presence of cover crops significantly reduced soil nitrate content as compared with control and rye showed a higher reducing effect. The presence of cover crops until March led to a significant reduction in soil electrical conductivitycompared to control. In comparison between the two incorporation times, the April incorporated treatments showed lower organic matter persentage and higher electrical conductivity. Soil physical characteristics were not influenced by the type of the cover crop treatments, but the presence of cover crops until April reduced soil porosity
Secale
Vicia sativa
Vicia villosa
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Core Ideas Removal of aboveground biomass may affect soil C and N under sweet sorghum. The effect of cover crop and N fertilization on soil C and N under sweet sorghum was examined. SOC and STN were greater with vetch and vetch/rye mixture than other cover crops NH 4 ‐N was greater with rye and NO 3 ‐N greater with vetch/rye than other cover crops. Vetch and vetch/rye can enhance soil C and N storage and optimize N availability. Sustainable production of sweet sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) grown for bioenergy production depends on practices that maintain soil C and N levels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of winter cover crops (hairy vetch [ Vicia villosa Roth], rye [ Secaele cereale L.], hairy vetch/rye mixture, and the control [no cover crop]) and N fertilization rates (0 and 90 kg N ha − ) on soil organic C (SOC), total N (STN), NH 4 –N, and NO 3 –N contents at the 0‐ to 30‐cm depth from 2010 to 2014 in the southeastern USA. Cover crop biomass yield and C content were greater with vetch/rye than vetch and the control and N content greater with vetch and vetch/rye than the control in 2013 and 2014. The SOC and STN at 0 to 5 cm were greater with vetch/rye than the control and at 15 to 30 cm were greater with vetch than vetch/rye. At 0 to 5 cm, SOC increased at 0.55 Mg C ha −1 yr −1 and STN at 0.06 Mg N ha −1 yr −1 , regardless of treatments. At most depths, NH 4 –N content was greater with rye than the control and greater with 0 than 90 kg N ha −1 , but NO 3 –N content was greater with vetch/rye than rye. Because of greater cover crop C and N inputs, soil C and N stocks can be enhanced and N availability can be optimized by growing vetch and vetch/rye mixture cover crops to replace the stocks reduced by the removal of aboveground sweet sorghum biomass.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Secale
Sweet sorghum
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Green manures have become an important option for recycling nutrients in organic cropping. However, its benefits are often not obtained in the short term. In this context, the study aimed to determine whether the use of cover crops during winter can contribute to N provision in the following spring, in the beginning of the growth of young grapevines. The winter green manure species white lupin (Lupinus albus), forage pea (Pisum arvense), common vetch (Vicia sativa), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa), triticale (Triticale hexaploide), oat (Avena sativa), ryegrass (Lollium multiflorum) and forage turnip (Brassica rapa) were grown until flowering in 4 L pots and fertilized with ammonium sulfate enriched at 10% with 15N atoms. In the following spring, grapevines cv. Niagara Rosada (Vitis labrusca) grafted on two different rootstocks (IAC-572 ‘Jales’ and IAC 766 ‘Campinas’) were planted in 14 L pots where it was superficially applied one of the five different sources of N. The green manure species employed as N source were forage pea (Pisum arvense), common vetch (Vicia sativa), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa) and oat (Avena sativa). The soil surface was covered with the dry matter from the green manure species (3g dry matter pot-1) or fertilized with ammonium sulfate enriched at 2% with 15N atoms. The results demonstrated that the oat plants showed the highest dry matter content (11.68 g pot-1). The species forage pea, hairy vetch and common vetch had the lowest C/N ratios, with values of 16, 16 and 18, respectively. Hairy vetch was the most efficient (255.1 mg pot-1) for the accumulation of N and oat plants showed the highest N uptake from the mineral fertilizer. The N uptake and accumulation by the ‘Niagara Rosada’ grapevines varied according to N source and rootstock. Grapevines accumulated N in higher amounts from mineral fertilizer, followed by the N from leguminous species and then lower quantities from the oat plants. Grapevines grafted on the IAC-572 ‘Jales’ rootstock accumulated higher amounts of N than those grafted on IAC-766 ‘Campinas’, probably due its higher vigor and, consequently, better soil exploration by the roots. Despite of the rootstock, between the green manure species, the N from forage peas was the most recovered by the grapevines cv. Niagara Rosada, attaining 30.8%, while common vetch 23.1%, hairy vetch 19.0%, and oat only 5.2%.
Vicia sativa
Vicia villosa
Avena
Lolium multiflorum
Medicago sativa
Triticale
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KICHEVA, P. and S. ANGELOVA, 2006. Study on the productive potential of some Vicia L. species. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 12: 29-34 The great plasticity and adaptation of vetch species, their high protein content (19-35 %), as well as the possibilities for their introduction as alternative crops provoke the interest of many scientists in this field from the beginning of the last century (Tupikova, 1926; Muratova, 1926; Maxted, 1995). According to Houerou (1985) the vetch species have an enormous potential as legume crops for dry areas. A total of 19 species of the genus Vicia (including Vicia faba) are cultivated all over the world mainly for forage, grain and as a green manure crops (Enneking, 1995). A few annual vetch species are cultivated in our country – mainly common vetch V. sativa and occasionally bitter vetch (V. ervilia), hairy vetch (V. villosa) and Hungarian vetch (V. pannonica). From the perennial species with a certain economic importance is V. tenuifolia, which has been used from its natural habitats in the Eastern Rhodope mountain (Terziiski, 1986). There are few attempts for introducing promising wild vetch species as alternative crops or as a breeding material in Bulgaria (Koeva et al., 2002; Kicheva, 2003; Terziiski, 1986). The main aim of the study is to establish the economic suitability of different promising annual vetch species, stored in the genebank of IPGR-Sadovo as well as the possibilities for their utilization as alternative forage crops.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Vicia
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Sixteen winter annual cover crop cultivars were grown in North Carolina to determine total N accumulation, biological N fixation (BNF) potential, and compatibility with a roller‐crimper‐terminated organic corn ( Zea mays L.) production system. Cover crops and termination dates were tested in a stripped block design. Treatments included hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), common vetch ( Vicia sativa L.), crimson clover ( Trifolium incarnatum L.), Austrian winter pea ( Pisum sativum L.), berseem clover ( Trifolium alexandrinum L.), subterranean clover ( Trifolium subterraneum L.), narrow leaf lupin ( Lupinus angustifolius L.), and Balansa clover ( Trifolium michelianum Savi.), as well as bicultures of rye ( Secale cereale L.), hairy vetch, and Austrian winter pea. Roller‐crimper termination occurred in mid‐April, early May, and mid‐May. Total biomass, N concentration, and C/N ratios were determined for cover crops at all roll times and natural 15 N abundance at the optimal kill date. Hairy vetch and crimson clover monocultures had the greatest overall biomass in 2009, and bicultures the greatest biomass in 2010. Crimson clover successfully terminated in late April, hairy vetch and Austrian winter pea in mid‐May, and berseem clover and common vetch in late May. All cover crops except lupin and subterranean clover derived between 70 and 100% of their N from the atmosphere. Corn response to cover crop mulches was significantly affected by the time of rolling, with poor stands resulting from competition with insufficiently terminated mulches. Crimson, Balansa, and subterranean clover mulches resulted in poor corn yields despite relatively high levels of total N. The highest corn yields were achieved in hairy vetch and rye plus hairy vetch bicultures.
Vicia villosa
Trifolium subterraneum
Trifolium alexandrinum
Vicia sativa
Monoculture
Lupinus angustifolius
Red Clover
Secale
Taproot
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Abstract Spring kill date affects cover crop N content and N availability to subsequent no‐till corn ( Zea mays L.). This 2‐yr study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 at Coastal Plain and Piedmont locations in Maryland to evaluate three cover crop kill dates, three corn planting dates, and four corn fertilizer N (FN) rates following hairy vetch ( Vicia villosa Roth), cereal rye ( Secale cereale L.) and a vetch‐rye mixture. No‐cover checks were included for each corn planting date. Fertilizer N rates were 0 to 202 kg ha −1 in the Piedmont and 0 to 270 kg ha −1 for the Coastal Plain. The vetch‐rye mixture contained as much or more N than vetch, and more N than rye within each kill date. Cover crop biomass and N content increased for each delay in kill. In a 50‐d period from late March until early May, vetch and the vetch‐rye mixture accumulated about 2 kg N ha −1 d −1 , with total topgrowth N accumulation from 144 to 203 kg ha −1 over two locations and two years. Greatest rye N accumulation was 51 kg ha −1 . Corn N content ranged from 37 to 293 kg ha −1 , and was significantly affected by FN rate. Within FN rate, N content was greater following vetch or vetch‐rye than following rye or no cover, particularly at low FN rates. Corn N content was greater if cover kill and corn planting were delayed until late April or mid‐May. This was attributed to greater cover crop N production and mulching effects, and the timing of summer rainfall. Corn FN requirements were greatest following rye or no cover, intermediate following vetch‐rye, and least following vetch. This demonstrates that cover crop species and kill date can be managed to conserve N with rye, supply N for the next crop with vetch, or provide both N conservation and N supply with a vetch‐rye mixture.
Vicia villosa
Secale
Vicia sativa
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The experiment was carried out at Dalate County and two kinds of green manure crops(hairy vetch and common vetch)were cropped after wheat.The results were as the followings: The yield of hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth.) and common vetch(Vicia sativa L.) was 23.8 t/hm2 and 20.1t/hm2 respectively when they were ploughed down in the first autumn.In the following year,when the N fertilizer was decreased by 30% the yield of wheat decreased by 4.4% and 5.8% if the hairy vetch and common vetch were cropped in the last year and decreased by 10.1% if without any green manure.When the N fertilizer was decreased by 60% the yield of wheat decreased by 15.6% and 13.7% if the hairy vetch and common vetch were cropped in the last year and decreased by 17.6% if without any green manure.So the green manure cropping could increase the N supplying of the soil.
Vicia villosa
Vicia sativa
Cropping system
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