Anatomical location for waist circumference measurement in older adults: a preliminary study.
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Abstract:
Different anatomical locations for measuring waist circumference are described in the literature but the best anatomical location for measuring waist circumference in older adults has yet to be established. Thus, an exploratory study was developed to examine which waist circumference best explains abdominal fat mass in older adults.Waist circumference was measured in the ten different anatomical locations from a sample of 51 older adults. The choice of which waist circumference measurement best associated with abdominal fat mass was evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of abdominal fat.Mean waist circumference values varied from 81.9 (standard deviation (SD): 8.7) cm and 91.5 (SD: 11.2) cm for women and between 95.7 (SD: 8.2) cm and 101.5 (SD: 10.4) cm for men, according to the different anatomical locations. The coefficients of determination of the linear regression model varied from 0.545 to 0.698 (p < 0.001) and the standardised coefficients varied from 0.738 and 0.836 (p < 0.001). The anatomical landmark situated 2.5 cm above the umbilicus was the waist circumference measurement that associated best with abdominal fat mass measured by DXA.This exploratory study contributes to the recognition that the anatomical location where the waist circumference measurement is taken gives considerably different results. The waist circumference measurement 2.5 cm above the umbilicus was the best surrogate measure of abdominal fat in this older adult's sample.Keywords:
Circumference
Abdominal obesity
Waist-to-height ratio
Objective:To investigate the relationship between body mass index(BMI),waist circumference(WC) and body fat distribution.Methods:Anthropometric measurements,percentage of body fat were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA) in 449 men(mean age 38.74±16.5 years) and 569 women(mean age 40.23±15.6 years)of healthy adults aged 18-74 years.Subjects were divided by BMI 18.5-23.9 for normal weight,BMI 24-27.9 for overweight,BMI 28 for obesity,and by WC ≤85cm in men and ≤80cm in women for health,WC 85cm in men and 80cm in women for abdominal adiposity.Results:The anthropometric results were progressively and significantly higher with increasing of BMI in both men and women.The mean age was 44 and 45 years in overweight and obesity respectively in men,significantly younger than in women.waist-to-height ratio was more correlated than BMI,WHR,and CI.Conclusion:Subjects at age of 45 have a highter risk to develop obesity in men.Waist circumference in the normal weight individuals should not be more than half of their heights.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis
Circumference
Waist-to-height ratio
Body volume index
Abdominal obesity
Body adiposity index
Body Fat Percentage
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Background. The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) is increasing, worldwide. Using a simple, efficient and reliable tool for predicting MetS is an essential approach in preventive health programs. The aim of this study was to compare the different anthropometric indices in predicting metabolic syndrome in older adults.Methods. This cross-sectional study is a part of the Amirkola Health and Ageing cohort Project (2011-2016). Of total, 1,488 older people aged 60-92 years were entered to the study. Medical and personal information of participants were collected by a questionnaire. After measuring the height, weight, waist circumference, hip circumference and neck circumference, body mass index, waist to hip ratio, waist to height ratio, abdominal volume index and conicity index were calculated. Independent t-test, chi-square and ROC curve were used to analyze the data.Results. Based on ATPIII-2005 diagnostic criteria, the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 71.57%.The prevalence in female was higher than male. All of examined anthropometric indices, except neck circumference (p = 0.10), showed a significant difference in people with MetS compared to the individuals without metabolic syndrome (p<0.001). Waist to height ratio showed the largest area under the curve for predicting MetS (0.786; 95% CI: 0.76-0.81) followed by BMI (0.746; 95% CI: 0.71-0.77), AVI (0.745; 95% CI: 0.71-0.77), and waist circumference (0.743; 95% CI: 0.71-0.77).Conclusion. Waist to height ratio was the best predictor of MetS in older adults.
Circumference
Abdominal obesity
Waist–hip ratio
Waist-to-height ratio
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Abstract Background Recent studies have discussed the application of wrist circumference as an easy-to-use predictor of general and abdominal obesity. The aim of the current study is to evaluate the association of wrist circumference with generalized and abdominal obesity and to determine its sex- and age-specific optimal cutoff points in association with generalized and abdominal obesity in a national sample of pediatric population. Methods This nationwide survey was conducted among 14,880 students, aged 6–18 years, selected through a multistage, random cluster sampling method from rural and urban areas of 30 provinces in Iran from 2011 to 2012. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, wrist circumference, waist circumference [WC], hip circumference [HC]) were measured by standard protocols using calibrated instruments. Body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) were calculated. By considering the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curves, we evaluated the association of wrist circumference with obesity indices and determined its sex- and age-specific optimal cutoff points in association with obesity. AUC: 0.5, AUC: 0.5–0.65 and AUC: 0.65–1.0 were interpreted as equal to chance, moderately and highly accurate tests, respectively. Results Overall, 13,486 children and adolescents with a mean age of 12.47±3.36 years completed the study (participation rate of 90.6%). In both genders, wrist circumference had a significant correlation with anthropometric measures including weight, height, BMI, WC, HC and WHtR. In all age groups and both genders, wrist circumference performed relatively well in classifying individuals into overweight (AUC: 0.67–0.75, p<0.001), generalized obesity (AUC: 0.81–0.85, p<0.001) and abdominal obesity (AUC: 0.82–0.87, p<0.001). Conclusions Wrist circumference is suggested to be a useful index for assessing excess weight in the pediatric age group. Its easy measurement without the need of calculation ratios might make it as a routine measurement in daily clinical practice and in large epidemiological studies.
Circumference
Abdominal obesity
Cut-off
Waist-to-height ratio
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Different anatomical locations for measuring waist circumference are described in the literature but the best anatomical location for measuring waist circumference in older adults has yet to be established. Thus, an exploratory study was developed to examine which waist circumference best explains abdominal fat mass in older adults.Waist circumference was measured in the ten different anatomical locations from a sample of 51 older adults. The choice of which waist circumference measurement best associated with abdominal fat mass was evaluated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measurement of abdominal fat.Mean waist circumference values varied from 81.9 (standard deviation (SD): 8.7) cm and 91.5 (SD: 11.2) cm for women and between 95.7 (SD: 8.2) cm and 101.5 (SD: 10.4) cm for men, according to the different anatomical locations. The coefficients of determination of the linear regression model varied from 0.545 to 0.698 (p < 0.001) and the standardised coefficients varied from 0.738 and 0.836 (p < 0.001). The anatomical landmark situated 2.5 cm above the umbilicus was the waist circumference measurement that associated best with abdominal fat mass measured by DXA.This exploratory study contributes to the recognition that the anatomical location where the waist circumference measurement is taken gives considerably different results. The waist circumference measurement 2.5 cm above the umbilicus was the best surrogate measure of abdominal fat in this older adult's sample.
Circumference
Abdominal obesity
Waist-to-height ratio
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1,2,5 Abstract - Cardiovascular diseases are a growing public health problem that affects most people over the age of 65 years and abdominal obesity is one of the risk factors for the development of these diseases. There are several methods that can be used to measure body fat, but their accuracy needs to be evaluated, especially in specific populations such as the elderly. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of anthropometric indicators to estimate the percentage of abdominal fat in subjects aged 80 years or older. A total of 125 subjects ranging in age from 80 to 95 years (83.5 ± 3), including 79 women (82.4 ± 3 years) and 46 men (83.6 ± 3 years), were studied. The following anthropometric indicators were used: body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). The percentage of abdominal fat was measured by DEXA. Sensitivity and specificity were analyzed using an ROC curve. The sensitivity, specificity and AUC were 0. 578, 0. 934 and 0. 756 for BMI, respectively; 0.703, 0.820 and 0.761 for WC; 0.938, 0.213 and 0.575 for WHR, and 0.984, 0.344 and 0.664 for WHtR. BMI and WC were the anthropometric indicators with the largest area under the curve and were therefore more adequate to identify the presence or absence of abdominal obesity.
Abdominal obesity
Waist-to-height ratio
Waist–hip ratio
Circumference
Body Fat Percentage
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Asians Indian are commonly dyslipidemia and predisposed to develop accelerated arthrosclerosis. The present study was done to critical analyze of the different anthropometric indicators of obesity such as body mass index, waist – hip ratio and waist circumference.
The sample comprised of 150 females (mean age = 20.6 years) selected randomly from post graduate student of Banasthali University. A questionnaire was framed to collect the information from the respondent such regarding personal profile, physical activity and dietary pattern, different anthropometric measurements (height, weight, waist and hip circumference), BMI and WHR were calculated using standard techniques.
The results of the study revealed that mean value of BMI and WHR of all respondents were 20.80 and 0.78 respectively. The result showed that according to BMI 49.3 per cent of respondents were normal while 1.3 per cent of respondents were in obese category.
According to WHR prevalence of obesity was seen in 14.76 per cent of respondents. They all had risk of obesity associated diseases and other metabolic disorder while 83.39 per cent of the respondents had normal waist circumference they had no risk of metabolic complication. Thus, the study shows WHR is more useful and simple anthropometric indicator of obesity.
Circumference
Waist–hip ratio
Waist-to-height ratio
Abdominal obesity
Dyslipidemia
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Body height
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Asian women are known to have a larger amount of abdominal fat (AF) for the same level of BMI compared with Caucasian and African‐American women. This study was aimed to determine whether waist circumference (WC) could be useful as an index of AF compared with AF measured by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) before and after a weight‐loss program in Asian women. Thirty‐eight healthy, pre‐menopausal obese Korean women (body fat percent > 30%) were enrolled and followed during a 6‐week weight‐loss program including herbal formula, calorie restriction, and exercise. Anthropometry and DXA measurements were performed before and after weight‐loss. A specific region of interest (ROI, L2‐iliac crest) by DXA was correlated with anthropometry at baseline: WC (γ= 0.91) > BMI (γ = 0.87) > Waist‐Height ratio (WHtR, γ = 0.82) > WHR (γ = 0.46); and after weight loss: BMI (γ = 0.88) > WC (γ = 0.84) > WHtR (γ = 0.82), all p < 0.01. The change in DXA ROI showed a reasonable correlation with change in anthropometry: BMI (γ = 0 .63, p < 0.01) > WC (γ = 0.39, p < 0.05) > WHtR (γ = 0.37, p < 0.05). A stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that 83% of the variance in DXA derived AF was explained by WC at baseline, WC and BMI at follow‐up, respectively. This study suggests that WC could be a good predictor of AF for Korean pre‐menopausal women both cross‐sectionally and longitudinally, and BMI could be useful in longitudinal studies. This study is supported by Kyung Hee University.
Waist-to-height ratio
Circumference
Abdominal obesity
Waist–hip ratio
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Circumference
Waist-to-height ratio
Waist–hip ratio
Abdominal obesity
Cross-sectional study
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Background: Egypt represents one of highest prevalence African countries regarding obesity among school students.
Objective: The development of accurate anthropometric measures of central fat accumulation in Egyptian adolescents as an urgent need for both clinical and research purposes.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 800 adolescents aged 12-17.99 years using a multistage cluster sampling design to get a representative sample of students for whom the following anthropometric measures were assessed: weight, height, waist circumference (WC), hip circumference. Then waist hip ratio (WHR) and waist height ratio (WHTR) were calculated. These data were analysed to get the mean, standard deviation and percentiles for the WC, WHR and WHTR distributed according to age and sex.
Results: Mean, standard deviation and percentiles (5th, 10th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th) were created for the WC, WHR and WHTR for Egyptian adolescents according to age and sex. Egyptian adolescents had higher values for the waist circumference than other ethnic groups.
Conclusions: Egyptian mean, standard deviation and percentiles values are better to be used for evaluation of Egyptian adolescents with obesity for clinical and research purposes.
Circumference
Waist-to-height ratio
Waist–hip ratio
Abdominal obesity
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