Boot-insole effects on comfort and plantar loading at the heel and fifth metatarsal during running and turning in soccer
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Plantar loading may influence comfort, performance and injury risk in soccer boots. This study investigated the effect of cleat configuration and insole cushioning levels on perception of comfort and in-shoe plantar pressures at the heel and fifth metatarsal head region. Nine soccer academy players (age 15.7 ± 1.6 years; height 1.80 ± 0.40 m; body mass 71.9 ± 6.1 kg) took part in the study. Two boot models (8 and 6 cleats) and two insoles (Poron and Poron/gel) provided four footwear combinations assessed using pressure insoles during running and 180° turning. Mechanical and comfort perception tests differentiated boot and insole conditions. During biomechanical testing, the Poron insole generally provided lower peak pressures than the Poron/gel insole, particularly during the braking step of the turn. The boot model did not independently influence peak pressures at the fifth metatarsal, and had minimal influence on heel loads. Specific boot-insole combinations performed differently (P < 0.05). The 8-cleat boot and the Poron insole performed best biomechanically and perceptually, but the combined condition did not. Inclusion of kinematic data and improved control of the turning technique are recommended to strengthen future research. The mechanical, perception and biomechanical results highlight the need for a multi-faceted approach in the assessment of footwear.Keywords:
Cushioning
Plantar pressure
First metatarsal
Biomechanics
This paper presents the key testing and analysis results of an investigation on the effect of heel height on the plantar pressure over different foot areas in jogging. It is important in improving the understanding of jogging with high heels and damage/injury prevention. It can also potentially guide the development of suitable/adaptive exercise schemes in between daily activities with high heels. In this work, plantar pressure data were collected from 10 habituated healthy female subjects (aged 21–25 years) at their natural jogging speed with three different conditions: flat heeled shoes (0.8 cm), low heeled shoes (4.0 cm), and high heeled shoes (6.6 cm). Data analysis showed significantly differences in plantar pressure distribution associated with the heel heights with increased pressure in the first metatarsal region and decreased pressure in the lateral metatarsal and midfoot sections. However, there is no significant alteration of plantar pressure in the central area of the forefoot with jogging gait.
Plantar pressure
Foot (prosody)
Foot pressure
First metatarsal
Barefoot
Cushioning
Biomechanics
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Plantar loading may influence comfort, performance and injury risk in soccer boots. This study investigated the effect of cleat configuration and insole cushioning levels on perception of comfort and in-shoe plantar pressures at the heel and fifth metatarsal head region. Nine soccer academy players (age 15.7 ± 1.6 years; height 1.80 ± 0.40 m; body mass 71.9 ± 6.1 kg) took part in the study. Two boot models (8 and 6 cleats) and two insoles (Poron and Poron/gel) provided four footwear combinations assessed using pressure insoles during running and 180° turning. Mechanical and comfort perception tests differentiated boot and insole conditions. During biomechanical testing, the Poron insole generally provided lower peak pressures than the Poron/gel insole, particularly during the braking step of the turn. The boot model did not independently influence peak pressures at the fifth metatarsal, and had minimal influence on heel loads. Specific boot-insole combinations performed differently (P < 0.05). The 8-cleat boot and the Poron insole performed best biomechanically and perceptually, but the combined condition did not. Inclusion of kinematic data and improved control of the turning technique are recommended to strengthen future research. The mechanical, perception and biomechanical results highlight the need for a multi-faceted approach in the assessment of footwear.
Cushioning
Plantar pressure
First metatarsal
Biomechanics
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This paper describes the method of measuring and assessing the pressure distribution under typical feet and the feet of patients with deformities such as: planovalgus, clubfoot, and pes planus using a pedobarograph. Foot pressure distribution was measured during static and walking at individual normal walking speed. Time-series pressure measurements for all sensors were grouped into five anatomical areas of human foot. In typical subjects, the heel was the first part of the foot receiving the loading of the body. Then it moved to the toe through the midfoot and the metatarsal area. The highest mean pressure in typical subjects was found under the heel and the metatarsal heads. The lowest pressure distribution was under the cuboid bone. In the planovalgus subjects, a higher pressure distribution was found under cuboid bone compared to typical one. In the pes cavus subjects, the pressure distribution was lower under all parts of foot. In the clubfoot subjects, the pressure distribution, the contact area of each mask, and the time of foot contact area in left and right foot are respectively different.
Cuboid
Foot (prosody)
Plantar pressure
Foot pressure
Metatarsal bones
First metatarsal
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This paper presents the key testing and analysis results of an investigation on the effect of heel height on the plantar pressure over different foot areas in jogging. It is important in improving the understanding of jogging with high heels and damage/injury prevention. It can also potentially guide the development of suitable/adaptive exercise schemes in between daily activities with high heels. In this work, plantar pressure data were collected from 10 habituated healthy female subjects aged 21--25 years at their natural jogging speed with three different conditions: flat heeled shoes 0.8 cm, low heeled shoes 4.0 cm, and high heeled shoes 6.6 cm. Data analysis showed significantly differences in plantar pressure distribution associated with the heel heights with increased pressure in the first metatarsal region and decreased pressure in the lateral metatarsal and midfoot sections. However, there is no significant alteration of plantar pressure in the central area of the forefoot with jogging gait.
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Plantar pressure
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OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of shoe design on the plantar pressure dynamics of patients with diabetic neuropathy during walking. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Three shoe design categories were tested. Total contact area and biomechanical variables in multiple areas under the foot were measured. RESULTS—Shoes with a rocker bottom principle reduced pressure 35–65% underneath the heel and the central metatarsal heads. Increased contact area did not result in significant pressure reductions underneath the forefoot. Pressure dynamics underneath the heel and medial forefoot (first metatarsal head and hallux) on average showed no significant differences among the different shoes with a cushioning insole. CONCLUSIONS—The most effective way to offload the forefoot of patients with neuropathic feet is through the use of the rocker sole principle. In general, the effect of an insole depends on the design characteristics of a shoe. Predicting the effect of therapeutic footwear on an individual scale, however, remains difficult. Therefore, in-shoe pressure measurements seem to be necessary to evaluate a therapeutic shoe prescription in certain individual cases.
Cushioning
Plantar pressure
First metatarsal
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Barefoot
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The most influential factor contributing to foot and shoe comfort is underfoot cushioning. The shock absorbing ability of footwear in the heel area is of particular importance in reducing the impact load during athletic activities and in therapeutic footwear prescribed for heel pain. Furthermore, foot care for foot problem patients is an important part of treatment and educational programs. Therefore, a well-designed sport shoe which can provide comfort and protection is essential. In order to design a functional shoe, biomechanics and other new technologies should be considered, and the design process should be examined in the biomechanics laboratory over and over. The design process requires too much time and effort since the entire experimental and test work can only be done after the prototype is manufactured. Therefore, this study tried to introduce the Finite Element Method (FEM) into the shoe design process by building a three-dimensional FE model with various shoe soles and loading conditions. The material properties of shoe materials were tested using an Instron Testing Machine. An in-shoe pressure insole was used to measure the plantar pressure in different ambulation conditions with various shoe constructions. The subject for this study was a healthy young male without any foot problem. The average plantar pressures obtained from approximately 50 steps in the heel region for each of the various conditions were collected. The results showed that the mean peak plantar pressure of the running situation was significantly higher than that of the walking situation as predicted, and that the insole could provide better cushioning compared to the other shoe constructions. The stress strain relationship for shoe materials was approximated better by a second-order nonlinear curve according to the Instron test. The results of the finite element method suggested that only the second-order nonlinear stress strain curve could correctly describe the shoe material, which also confirmed a potential valuable role for FEM in designing functional shoes.
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Background: All body systems involved in ensuring a healthy posture (musculoskeletal system, oculomotor, oto-vestibular and occluso-cranial-mandibular) are essential in maintaining postural balance. Research Question: Does experimental malocclusion in subjects in static position determine variations in plantar pressure? Methods: Overall, 31 subjects were included in the study. The plantar pressure was evaluated in five different points: lateral and medial heel, midfoot, 1st and 5th metatarsal area. Using a specially designed splint, an artificial malocclusion was induced on the right hemimandibular arch. The pressure was measured at 0 (T0), 15 (T1) and 30 min (T2) after splint application. Results: The right external plantar sensors recorded statistically significant differences in pressure values after 15 min of splint wear (5th metatarsal area, p = 0.05; midfoot, p = 0.04). Important pressure values were also recorded by the left internal plantar sensors (1st metatarsal, p = 0.01; medial heel, p = 0.006), after 30 min of splint wear. Conclusions: Asymmetrical experimental malocclusion produces early changes in plantar pressure, a proof of compensatory mechanisms induced by secondary postural imbalance.
Plantar pressure
First metatarsal
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The mailman's shoes should be designed in due consideration of occupational features they spend most of times to walk. For that reason, the shoes required functions to reduce the foot fatigue and to protect body by dispersing the body weight to the whole foot. In this research, for the functional improvement of the insole, insoles are investigated and analyzed by biomechanics experimentation. Under the base of these experimental results, we develop insoles that can reduce the body load and muscular-skeletal disorder. The pressures are concentrated on the metatarsus and heel by the result of analyzing pressure distributions of the using shoes. Accordingly, we offer the prototype functional insole that is ranked from high pressure to low pressure on the base of a shock absorb function. This prototype functional insole is examined for statistical significance by pressure distribution areas. The experimental results show that pressure areas are dispersed to whole foot, for this reason, pressures of the metatarsus and heel are reduced. Results of this research can not only improve the function of insoles which is suitable for occupational features, but also be a base on constructing data bases for biomechanics gait insoles.
Biomechanics
Plantar pressure
Cushioning
Foot pressure
Statistical Analysis
Base (topology)
Foot (prosody)
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Objective:Using the means and methods of sport biomechanics and depending on Belgian Footscan insole plate system among female college students,the paper tests the maximum value of plantar pressure in walking and jogging with normal gait,toe and toe in to explore the motion characteristics of gaits.This paper aims to provide the basis for function evaluation,orthopedic sports shoes design and sports prosthesis design.Methods:450 young women from Shijiazhuang are randomly selected as samples to make comparisons between groups by One- Way ANOVA analysis.Results:Subjects with normal posture during walking have their foot maximum force position in the second metatarsal of palm while the abnormal walkers in the heel;during jogging,those with normal posture have their foot maximum force position in the second metatarsal,while the abnormal joggers,in the first metatarsal and the second metatarsal.Conclusion:heel peak of abnormal subjects is greater than that of the normal walkers and the differences are statistically significant(P 0.01).Because of the poor transition of plantar force from the heel to the whole foot,then to the palm,then the lack of cushioning effect,the heel bears pressure.Walking with abnormal gaits leads to instability for the greater pressure of heel than that of the palm;in jogging,the pressure of the first metatarsal and the second metatarsal is greater than that of the normal with statistically significant differences.
Cushioning
Plantar pressure
Foot (prosody)
First metatarsal
Biomechanics
Foot pressure
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