Public Policy Pedagogy: Mixing Methodologies Using Cases
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Over the past two decades, public policy professors have been confronted with a choice to teach either from the traditional positivist approach grounded in rationality, objectivity, and economics or from a postpositivist approach grounded in politics, subjectivity, and democracy. Yet, such a choice is both false and limiting. Instead, we argue that it is possible to teach a practical public policy analysis course based on mixed methodologies that stems from both the positivism and postpositivism camps. At the pedagogical center of this approach is the case method. Our approach is grounded in both the belief and experience that the combination of an approach that is pragmatic, yet infused with politics, and a stimulating case also serves to increase student interest. In this article, we present a class-tested case study ready for use by faculty members in courses in public policy analysis, public policy, and, introductory public administration. Along the way, we provide guidance on how to use the case and how it fits into a mixed methodological approach.Keywords:
Positivism
Objectivity (philosophy)
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In the behavior theory,behavior includes the subjective and objective aspects.The subjectivity reflects the objectivity initiatively and the objectivity realizes the subjectivity actively,so they have inherent unification relations.Crime constitution can't ignore its evaluation objects——the behavior structure and should pay attention to the relations between the elements.Therefore,the principle of correspondence between subjectivity and objectivity should be seen as an important methodology which will exceed the different connotations of the different basic position.
Objectivity (philosophy)
Unification
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The relation issues of subjectivity and objectivity firstly is a issue on practice, Secondly it is a issue on knowledge. On the basis,we can correctly understand and reveal the nature between knowledge and scientificly and solve the relation issue of subjectivity and objectivity.
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That subjectivity and objectivity develop in balance is a prerequisite for individuals' all-round development and realizing the harmonious development of human and nature, individual and society, personal and the others. So both subjectivity and objectivity of undergraduates should be paid attention to during the process of education. The education in our country has never laid enough emphasis on subjectivity so far. Today the focus on the innovation of education lies in fully developing subjectivity of undergraduates by means of analyzing the affecting elements but as well improving learning environment in view of the confining elements.
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The aim of the research is to clarify the issue of subjectivity and objectivity in social research, and to what extent it is possible to achieve objectivity and distance from subjectivity as much as possible in social research, where the concept of subjectivity and objectivity was defined, and the views of some sociologists on this issue, as well as the call to reconcile them, also came this study To clarify the role of quantitative (objective) and qualitative (subjective) systematic integration in achieving accuracy and objectivity in the study of social phenomena, as we relied on the analytical sociological approach as an approach to analysis in the field of social studies, and the study reached the need to achieve objectivity and establish unity between objectivity and subjectivity in any study Social, as the study confirmed that objectivity is really a relative issue that cannot be achieved far from subjectivity in social research, as there is no objective science completely independent of any value perspective, and that the systematic integration between subjectivity and objectivity contributes to reaching accuracy in social research. The research also emphasized a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: the call to achieve subjectivity and objectivity and not to abolish subjectivity in the study of social phenomena, and to call researchers in the social sciences to achieve systematic integration between them.
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Taking the scientific view of practice as his theoretic base, for the first time, Marx solved the issue of the relations between subjectivity and objectivity in the philosophy development history of human being. Practice has the nature of both subjectivity and objectivity and the process of practice is a process of the gradual unification of subjectivity and objectivity. Practice is based on recognition and the subjectivity and objectivity recognition is also dialectical. Better recognition of the objective world and the reform of the objective world and better recognition of the subjective world and the reform of the subjective world require the understanding of subjectivity and objectivity in the dialectical unification relations and the using of the subjective and objective principles in the dialectical unification relations.
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This paper describes the “robotic mind” in subjectivity and objectivity. A mobile robot trajectory planning problem is used as an example to show that objectivity is affected by subjectivity, yielding an interesting discussion to the objectivity of science. Then, “robotic mind” is discussed by use of the subjectivity concept. Finally, a robotic value system is discussed by designer’s value system.
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Based on artistic production,subjective illustration of labor objectivity,and faced up with double challenges,which contain mode transformation from subjectivity to inter-subjectivity of contemporary philosophy and theoretical pursuit of artistic production in reality,this thesis newly illustrates Marx's artistic production theory,which means labor objectivity thoughts and objectivity theory are actually identical.Labor objectivity illustrates by Marx is mutual objectivity with the unification in practice of subjects and objects,it is beyond the traditional subjective philosophy with single objectivity,and internally includes the thought resource of mutual subjectivity,like inter-subjective philosophy,it's full of the contemporary thoughts.
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Abstract Objectivity and subjectivity are normative values attached to the practice of research and scholarship. Objectivity can be understood as the normative value attached to claim as being independent of personal and procedural bias. Subjectivity can be understood as the normative value attached to claim as being competently embedded in a cultural location. This entry looks at the relationship of these two terms in the domain of empirical research.
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