Biochemical production of bioethanol
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Lignocellulosic Biomass
The aims of this research that relate raw material composition intoproduction process of BL (BL1X, BL2, BL1, BL3) stoneware were: (1) To know theinfluence of raw material composition to raw material cost loading stoneware BL;(2) To know the influence of raw material composition to cost of good manufacturedcalculation; and (3) To know the influence of raw material composition toproductivity.The research results shew that: (1)The increasing of raw material composition kalblend clay on production process of BL stoneware could decrease raw material cost of BL stoneware. For that, if the UPT PSTKP Bali want to decrease raw materialcost of BL stoneware, so it could act by increase composition of kalblend clay in thatraw material mixing; (2) The increasing of raw material composition kalblend clayon production process of BL stoneware could decrease cost of goods manufacturedBL stoneware. For that, if the UPT PSTKP Bali want to decrease cost of goodsmanufactured BL stoneware, so it could act by increase composition of kalblend clayin that raw material mixing; and (3) The increasing of raw material compositionkalblend clay on production process of BL stoneware could decrease productivityof BL stoneware. For that, if the UPT PSTKP Bali want to decrease cost of goodsmanufactured BL stoneware, so it could act by increase composition of kalblend clayin that raw material mixing
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The contribution of biofuels is expected to continuously increase in the global fuel market, as they are environmentally-friendly and provide renewable energy. Four generations of biofuels are categorized and are primarily based on their feedstock sources and the production technologies that are used. The influence of promising feedstock types and the availability on the production technologies and the fuel properties of advanced-generation biofuels are not systematically examined in the literature. Hence, this research extensively reviews the potential impact of feedstock sources and their variability on the production and characteristics of biofuels. The approaches of theoretical analysis and inference referred to relevant works in the literature were applied. The findings suggest that the potency of the commercialized mass production of advanced-generation biofuels is facilitated by a much more flexible selection and the sufficient availability of promising feedstocks. Lignocellulose biomass is recognized as the most significant feedstock source for second-generation biofuels, while microalgae do the same for third-generation biofuels. Moreover, the microalgae of some strains are able to produce the highest amount of bio-alcohol of all available feedstock sources. The cell walls of lignocellulose biomass and microalgae mostly consist of lignin compounds and cellulose materials, respectively. Biological pretreatment is considered to be the most promising process, prior to biofuel production. The biofuel yields from lignocellulose biomass and microalgae, using biological pretreatments, could increase by 120% and 22-159%, respectively, in comparison with those of any other pretreatment process. Moreover, more double bonds and larger unsaturated fatty acids in raw lipids cause the inferior oxidative stability, but superior fluidity of biofuel. The possible impact of Genetically-Modified Crops (GMC) on the eco-environment and human genes remains a serious concern and requires further tracking and analysis. Genetically-modified technology is still immature to achieve the expected characteristics of biofuels from those modified crops. The unceasing exploitation of promising biomass feedstock sources is crucial for the rapid and steady development of advanced-generation biofuels.
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Metabolic Engineering
Synthetic Biology
Commodity chemicals
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Lignocellulosic Biomass
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Fine rounded powders preferable for metal injection moulding (MIM) are expensive. This forces MIM makers to recycle green scraps, for example, the runner system and defected green parts. This is particularly necessary for injection moulded small parts where parts are only a small portion of the injection short size. There is very little published data, although recycling feedstock has been practise throughout the industry. This work aims at investigating the effects of recycled stainless steel 630 feedstock content on the density, mechanical properties, dimensional changes and microstructure. Five batches of compounded virgin and recycled feedstock were studies from 0% to 100% recycled feedstock with the increment of 25%. Homogenously compounded feedstock was injected using the same injection condition. Subsequently, green parts were debinded and sintered at 1325°C for 2 hours in argon atmosphere. The results suggest that the green density increases linearly with increasing percentage of recycled feedstock because the polymeric binder was broken down during previous process. However, the sintered density remains nominally constant. As a result, the mechanical properties and microstructure of sintered parts are independent of recycled feedstock content. However, the volumetric and linear shrinkage decreases linearly with the increase in percentage of recycled feedstock. The difference in shrinkage is vital to dimensional control during commercial production. For example, only 4.5% of recycled feedstock can be added to virgin feedstock if a tolerance of ±0.3 mm is required for a 25 mm MIM part.
Metal injection molding
Shrinkage
Injection moulding
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Stainless steel 630 with different mixtures of recycled and virgin feedstock have been injected, debinded and sintered under the same processing condition to study various physical properties. The results suggest that mixing recycled feedstock will not alter mechanical properties. However, the sintered part will be larger as more recycled feedstock has been introduced.
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Biofuels have been considerably developed as a probable alternative resource of fossil fuel. In recent times, the continuously increasingdemand and prices of fossil fuel as well asclimate change, makes biodiesel and bioethanol as the only key target for future energy market especially in transportation sector.A large amount of biodiesel and bioethanol productions cost belongs to feedstock that makes it to be as an essential issue for the future of biofuel. The significance of feedstock will be increased while it derives from food feedstock.The purpose of this paper is to describe various type of biodiesel and bioethanol feedstock. Apart from that, this paper will also attempt to compare the biodiesel and bioethanol respect to feedstock.
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Lignocellulosic biomass represents a natural renewable chemical feedstock that can be used to produce high value-added chemicals and platform molecules. Nowadays, there are extensive studies on a variety of aspects concerning the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass into desirable products. Among the current technologies for biomass conversion some require extreme conditions along with high temperatures and pressures. Therefore, major technological innovations based on more economical and environmental methodologies are currently developed both in academic laboratories and in industry. In this context, ultrasound-assisted catalysis constitutes an alternative method offering new strategies to upgrade biomass. The possibility of combining catalysis with sonication indeed provides avenues that are worth exploring for the valorization of lignocellulosic compounds into value-added chemical feedstocks. In this mini-review, the available sonochemical systems are first presented, with a focus on the most important ultrasonic parameters, which is intended to provide a mechanistic background. Next, this contribution aims to provide insight into the most recent developments along with prominent examples in the field of sonocatalysis applied to the chemical transformation of lignocellulosic biomass and its derivatives.
Lignocellulosic Biomass
Chemical industry
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A large number of alternative fuel molecules based on lignocellulosic biomass have been proposed recently, but a reliable evaluation of their economic potential is challenging due to the limited data available. A rapid screening methodology, Reaction Network Flux Analysis (RNFA), has been suggested to screen a large number of future reaction pathways. The RNFA is extended in this work by a comprehensive sensitivity analysis to account for inevitable uncertainty in the underlying data and hence in the ranking of biofuel candidates with respect to cost and environmental impact. The extended RNFA is then used to assess and rank candidate reaction pathways and associated processes for the production of a variety of proposed future pure-component biofuels from lignocellulosic biomass. Ethyllevulinate and 2-methyltetrahydrofuran have been identified as promising alternatives to bioethanol, while lignin-based biofuels can be excluded from further consideration. Methane is found to be attractive economically but shows significant environmental impact.
Lignocellulosic Biomass
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