Regulation of pathways of glucose metabolism in kidney
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Abstract:
The pentose phosphate pathway operates at an elevated level in rat kidney following induction of diabetes and in the compensatory hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy in control and alloxan‐diabetic rats, as shown by the yields of 14 Co 2 from [1‐ 14 C]glucose, [6‐ 14 C]glucose and 3 H 2 O yields from [2‐ 3 H]glucose. The elevated flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is correlated with the increased RNA content and weight of the kidney. The direct utilization of NADPH for reductive synthetic reactions and the potential for indirect utilization via the sorbitol route and the linked transhydrogenase reactions of the glucuronate‐xylulose pathway, for NADH and ATP generation, are also discussed.Keywords:
Glucuronates
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Renal Hypertrophy
Alloxan
Metabolic pathway
Metabolic pathway
Transaldolase
Pentose
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Repeated supercoolings down to rectal temperatures (19-20 degrees C) results in the different changes in the dehydrogenase activity of pentose and glucuronate pathways in the rat brain: the activity of the pentose cycle oxidative enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase) lowers considerably and that of VDP-glucose dehydrogenase rises. The dehydrogenase activity in the pentose cycle is found to be inhibited in rats cooled for the first time, the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity being preserved at the control level. In the adapted rats the cooling causes mobilization of the pentose cycle, the UDP-glucose dehydrogenase activity remains unchanged.
Glucuronates
Pentose
Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase
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Glucuronates
Metabolic pathway
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Pentose
Glucose 6-phosphate
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Metabolic pathway
Biological pathway
Carbohydrate Metabolism
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Glucuronates
Catabolism
Tricarboxylic acid
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Pentose
Metabolic pathway
Potassium cyanide
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ABSTRACT Peppermint produces monoterpenes which are of great commercial value in different traditional and modern pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. In the classical view, monoterpenes are synthesized via the plastidic 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, while the cytosolic mevalonate (MVA) pathway produces sesquiterpenes. Interactions between both pathways have been documented in several other plant species, however, a quantitative understanding of the metabolic network involved in monoterpene biosynthesis is still lacking. Isotopic tracer analysis, steady state 13 C metabolic flux analysis (MFA) and pathway inhibition studies were applied in this study to quantify metabolic fluxes of primary and isoprenoid metabolism of peppermint glandular trichomes (GT). Our results offer new insights into peppermint GT metabolism by confirming and quantifying the crosstalk between the two isoprenoid pathways towards monoterpene biosynthesis. In addition, a quantitative description of precursor pathways involved in isoprenoid metabolism is given. While glycolysis was shown to provide precursors for the MVA pathway, the oxidative bypass of glycolysis fueled the MEP pathway, indicating prominent roles for the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway and RuBisCO. This study reveals the potential of 13 C-MFA to ascertain previously unquantified metabolic routes of the trichomes and thus advancing insights on metabolic engineering of this organ.
Metabolic pathway
Monoterpene
Mevalonate pathway
Metabolic Engineering
Metabolic flux analysis
Mevalonic acid
Secondary metabolism
Crosstalk
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The pentose phosphate pathway operates at an elevated level in rat kidney following induction of diabetes and in the compensatory hypertrophy following unilateral nephrectomy in control and alloxan‐diabetic rats, as shown by the yields of 14 Co 2 from [1‐ 14 C]glucose, [6‐ 14 C]glucose and 3 H 2 O yields from [2‐ 3 H]glucose. The elevated flux through the pentose phosphate pathway is correlated with the increased RNA content and weight of the kidney. The direct utilization of NADPH for reductive synthetic reactions and the potential for indirect utilization via the sorbitol route and the linked transhydrogenase reactions of the glucuronate‐xylulose pathway, for NADH and ATP generation, are also discussed.
Glucuronates
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Renal Hypertrophy
Alloxan
Metabolic pathway
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Citations (37)
Glucuronates
Potassium cyanide
Catabolism
Pentose
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Metabolic pathway
Tricarboxylic acid
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Radiorespirometric and enzymatic studies were conducted to determine primary and secondary pathways of carbohydrate catabolism in Microcyclus aquaticus and M. flavus. M. aquaticus catabolizes both glucose and gluconate mainly via the Entner-Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways with some concurrent participation of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway. M. flavus , however, oxidizes glucose mainly via the Embden-Meyerhof pathway and gluconate via the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with some simultaneous operation of the pentose phosphate pathway. Both of the organisms showed evidence of the tricarboxylic acid cycle as a secondary pathway for the oxidation of carbohydrates.
Metabolic pathway
Carbohydrate Metabolism
Catabolism
Tricarboxylic acid
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Metabolic switch is one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. Pentose phosphate pathway, as an important metabolic pathway for generation of NADPH and for fermentation of five-carbon sugars, plays a crucial role in tumor progression. Transketolase is one of the key enzymes in pentose phosphate pathway. The correlation between transketolase and cancer has been proved in more and more studies. It is considered as a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
Transketolase
Metabolic pathway
Pentose
Transaldolase
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