2 The Role of the Epididymis in the Protection of Spermatozoa
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Capacitation
Acrosome reaction
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Objective :To study the effects of Huangjingzanyu optimized formula on sperm motility in rat with asthenospermia. Methods :Rats with asthenospermia were induced by Multiglycosides of Tripterygium Wilfordii(GTW).Sperm motility velocity and motility mode were measured with computer-aidd sperm analysis(CASA). Results :Sperm concentration,motility,viability and motility velocity(VCL、VSL、VAP)were significantly increased in middle dosage of optimized formula.The effects of middle dosage group were similar to those of Huangjingzanyu group and better than those of large dosage,small dosage and wuziyangzong pill group.Sperm motility mode(LIN、STR、WOB、ALH、BCF、MAD)were not changed significantly in 3 different dosage of optimized formula. Conclusions :Huangjingzanyu optimized formula can increase sperm concentration,motility,viability and motility velocity.
Tripterygium wilfordii
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After leaving the testis, sperm undergo two sequential maturational processes before acquiring fertilizing capacity: sperm maturation in the male epididymis, and sperm capacitation in the female reproductive tract. During their transit through the epididymis, sperm experience several maturational changes; the acquisition of motility is one of them. The molecular basis of the regulation of this process is still not fully understood. Sperm are both transcriptionally and translationally silent, therefore post-translational modifications are essential to regulate their function. The post-translational modification by the addition of O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) can act as a counterpart of phosphorylation in different cellular processes. Therefore, our work was aimed to characterize the O-GlcNAcylation system in the male reproductive tract and the occurrence of this phenomenon during sperm maturation. Our results indicate that O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), the enzyme responsible for O-GlcNAcylation, is present in the testis, epididymis and immature caput sperm. Its presence is significantly reduced in mature cauda sperm. Consistently, caput sperm display high levels of O-GlcNAcylation when compared to mature cauda sperm, where it is mostly absent. Our results indicate that the modulation of O-GlcNAcylation takes place during sperm maturation and suggest a role for this post-translational modification in this process.
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Abstract The effect of varying the sperm concentration between 2 × 10 5 sperm/ml and 8 × 10 6 sperm/ml on fertilization of cumulus‐free, zona‐intact F1 (CBA × C57BL) mouse ova by QS and F1 (CBA × C57BL) mouse spermatozoa was studied. The spermatozoa from both strains of mice exhibited optimal fertilization rates at 2 × 106 sperm/ml. However, at sperm concentrations greater than 4 × 106 sperm/ml and less than 1 × 106 sperm/ml, fertilization rates were significantly reduced. F1 spermatozoa were more susceptible to dilution than QS spermatozoa. A significant interaction between strain and sperm concentration indicated that the two strains produced different fertilization rates at different sperm densities. Extracts of epididymal fluid, medium from capacitated spermatozoa, or ampulla fluid did not improve the fertilization rate at 2 × 105 sperm/ml, but retaining the cumulus oophorus did. The decrease in fertilization rate at 8 × 106 sperm/ml can in part be attributed to a nondialysable inhibitor from the neat sperm preparation that appeared to be of epididymal origin.
Fertilisation
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Charactering the sperm specific proteins is to elucidate the function in the process of reproduction and to develop them as effective targets for reproductive regulation.Mammalian sperm after spermiogenisis in testis seminiferous tubules,although they are tadpole-like,are neither able to swim nor to fertilize the egg.Sperm must undergo modification in epididymis to be mature,which is called epididymal sperm maturation.This process mainly includes the sperm membrane protein modification.During sperm traveling through the epididymis tubes,some proteins are removed away,some are binding on,and some proteins are glycosylated or phosphorylated.Therefore,the identification of epididymal protein,especially the epididymal-specific protein,is one of the most important points to reveal the function of sperm.The function of epididymal-specific protein,especially on sperm maturation and sperm protection,is reviewed in this paper.
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The fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved sperm was compared with fresh sperm from striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. Of the two sets of experiments carried out, the first compared four sperm doses using fresh sperm and fresh eggs. The second experiment compared six concentrations of cryopreserved sperm ranging from 6.94 × 107 to 6.94 × 1010 to fertilize 100 eggs per batch. Fertilization, hatch and survival rates were compared between cryopreserved and fresh sperm. The highest fertilization rate (53.75±1.62%) was achieved with a sperm dose of 6.94 × 108. Increasing the sperm dose to 3.47 × 109 did not increase the fertilization rate, indicating that the optimum sperm:egg ratio lies between 6.94 × 106 and 3.47 × 107 sperm per egg. Both highest (6.94 × 1010) and the lowest (6.94 × 107) sperm doses resulted in lower fertilization rates (2.04% and 16.90% respectively). No significant differences were found among four fresh sperm doses compared. Mean hatch and survival rates resulting from fresh and cryopreserved sperm were similar. The experiment shows that while only 1.89 × 106 fresh spermatozoa was required to fertilize a fresh egg, 6.94 × 106 (or 3.67 times more) cryopreserved sperm was required to achieve the same level of fertilization. This provides important information for making decision to cryopreserve sperm for commercial and/or conservation purposes.
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Most of the scientific researches deal with the epididymal sperm maturation but not with the storage of sperms in epididymis. The present study was carried out to determine sperm transfer time, sperm retention time and sperm motility in different regions of hamster epididymis after placing ligations. Ligations were made at the initial segment of the epididymes. The total number of sperm was assessed using the haemocytometer counting method and sperm counts were taken on defined time intervals starting from the 3 rd day to the 78 th day of postligation. Total sperm count was decreased 50% by 3 days in caput and corpus regions and by 15 days in cauda region. Yet, there were a few numbers of sperm in all regions of hamster epididymis even after 78 days of post-ligation. By 15 days, sperm motility was decreased rapidlyin all epididymal regions and the majority of sperms were immotile by the 24 th day of post-ligation. Both sperm counts; immotile and motile sperms in control side was significantly different compared to that of the ligated side of the epididymis (p< 0.05). Sperm emptying time was approximately 18 days in the caput alone, 14 days in the corpus and 46 days in the cauda. It is concluded that in the ligated hamster epididymis sperm transfer takes more than 78 days. The findings of the present study will be vital for future studies on mechanisms of sperm transport and sperm storage in the cauda epididymis in detail.
Oligospermia
Sperm Retrieval
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Fish spermatozoa are general immotile in the testis and sperm plasma, motility is induced after the discharge of sperm into the aqueous environment.The motility are influence by osmolality,ion,CO 2 and pH value. The environmental factors which activate cAMP ATP Mg 2+ system will affect spermatozoa motility. Motility of spermatozoa were measured by the duration of their movement, the percentage of motile sperm, their velocity and flagella beat frequency. The changes of sperm motility in the genital tract of fishes are also been discussed..
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