Fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved sperm from striped catfish,Pangasius hypophthalmus(Sauvage)
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The fertilization efficiency of cryopreserved sperm was compared with fresh sperm from striped catfish, Pangasius hypophthalmus. Of the two sets of experiments carried out, the first compared four sperm doses using fresh sperm and fresh eggs. The second experiment compared six concentrations of cryopreserved sperm ranging from 6.94 × 107 to 6.94 × 1010 to fertilize 100 eggs per batch. Fertilization, hatch and survival rates were compared between cryopreserved and fresh sperm. The highest fertilization rate (53.75±1.62%) was achieved with a sperm dose of 6.94 × 108. Increasing the sperm dose to 3.47 × 109 did not increase the fertilization rate, indicating that the optimum sperm:egg ratio lies between 6.94 × 106 and 3.47 × 107 sperm per egg. Both highest (6.94 × 1010) and the lowest (6.94 × 107) sperm doses resulted in lower fertilization rates (2.04% and 16.90% respectively). No significant differences were found among four fresh sperm doses compared. Mean hatch and survival rates resulting from fresh and cryopreserved sperm were similar. The experiment shows that while only 1.89 × 106 fresh spermatozoa was required to fertilize a fresh egg, 6.94 × 106 (or 3.67 times more) cryopreserved sperm was required to achieve the same level of fertilization. This provides important information for making decision to cryopreserve sperm for commercial and/or conservation purposes.Catfish is a fish that is well known in the community and has high nutritional value. Plaju Darat Village, Plaju District is a city in Palembang where many people raise catfish. Catfish are generally processed into catfish pecel or catfish mangut. The implementation of this service activity aims to increase the potential of catfish and diversify processed catfish. The service method is carried out by counseling and accompanied by the practice of making catfish nuggets. The results obtained from this service increase the knowledge and skills of processing catfish into catfish nuggets. It is hoped that the catfish farming community in Plaju Darat Village, Plaju District, can implement their knowledge and skills to increase the added value of catfish into catfish nuggets and increase family income.
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Catfish is one type of fish that is widely cultivated by fish farmers because it has the ability to adapt to any kind of water condition. In the process of catfish farming, farmers must take care of catfish seeds first. In caring for catfish seedlings, breeders can provide feed in the form of microbes for these catfish seeds and breeders must separate catfish seedlings with age differences to prevent cannibalism because catfish have cannibalistic nature. Subur Jaya Farm is one of the farms in the Tambun area, West Bekasi. At this farm, the current process of separating catfish seeds is carried out in three stages, namely by transferring all catfish seeds into a cleaner container, then farmers will see one by one the size of the catfish seeds because the age of the catfish seeds can be seen from their size. Finally, farmers can move catfish seeds of the same size to a new place. However, this process takes a lot of time and has the potential to cause errors in the separation by farmers because they are not careful when looking at the size of the catfish seeds. Therefore, to overcome these problems, this study will apply Yolo V3 method to detect the age of catfish seedlings based on size. The results of this study showed an average accuracy value of 84% in the testing process. The highest accuracy value was 99% for 6 catfish seeds and the lowest was 26% for 7 catfish seedlings.
Cannibalism
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Culture of channel catfish, "Ictalurus punctatus," accounts for virtually all catfish production. Recently, however, an increasing number of catfish farmers are growing or are considering the culture of blue catfish, "I. furcatus." Current and past research the compared the culture traits of channel and blue catfish are reviewed. Blue catfish could be potentially advantageous for certain farm environments. Strain effects in both species are important. In general, channel catfish grow faster to market size than do blue catfish. However, some strains of blue catfish grow faster than many strains of channel catfish. Blue catfish are more vulnerable to parasites such as "Icthyophthirius" and to bacterial infections such as those from "Flexibacter columnaris when compared to channel catfish. Blue catfish do not tolerate handling as well as channel catfish, and handling stress often leads to infections in blue catfish. However, blue catfish have high resistance to enteric septicemia of catfish caused by "Edwardsiella ictaluri" and to channel catfish virus when compared to channel catfish. Blue catfish are twice as vulnerable to harvest by seining than channel catfish, and have a higher dress-out percentage than most strains of channel carfish. Channel catfish tolerate lower dissolved oxygen levels than do blue catfish. Blue catfish require one more year to reach sexual maturity than do channel catfish.
Edwardsiella ictaluri
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Abstract Proliferative gill disease (PGD) in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus is caused by the myxozoan parasite Henneguya ictaluri. There is no effective treatment for PGD, and mortalities can exceed 50% in severe outbreaks. One approach to controlling losses would be to utilize a less susceptible ictalurid species in pond culture; alternatively, one could identify the traits that convey resistance and exploit them in a selective breeding program. Challenge studies have found less severe inflammatory responses in the gill tissue of blue catfish I. furcatus and fewer mortalities than in channel catfish. However, it remains unclear whether infection and subsequent plasmodial development progress the same way in the two species. To investigate this, we compared the dynamics of H. ictaluri infection in blue catfish, channel catfish, and channel catfish × blue catfish hybrids in continuous long-term (5–7-d) and short-term (24-h) pond challenges. After long-term challenge, 66.2% of the channel catfish and 63.6% of the hybrid catfish developed characteristic PGD lesions, compared with 3.7% of the blue catfish. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis detected H. ictaluri in larger percentages of channel and hybrid catfish than blue catfish (98.7% and 95.7% versus 45.9%), with significantly greater parasite DNA equivalents in channel and hybrid catfish than blue catfish. Similar findings were obtained in the short-term exposures. Histologically, channel and hybrid catfish developed severe PGD accompanied by large numbers of developing plasmodia. While mild PGD was observed in some blue catfish, the progression of lesions lagged behind that in channel and hybrid catfish. Most importantly, developing plasmodia were not observed in blue catfish, and parasite DNA was not detected 14 d after removal from the source of infection. Our findings indicate that the resistance of blue catfish to H. ictaluri infection can be overcome by large numbers of infective actinospores but that infection appears to be eliminated before plasmodial development occurs.
Edwardsiella ictaluri
Variation (astronomy)
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Abstract The effect of varying the sperm concentration between 2 × 10 5 sperm/ml and 8 × 10 6 sperm/ml on fertilization of cumulus‐free, zona‐intact F1 (CBA × C57BL) mouse ova by QS and F1 (CBA × C57BL) mouse spermatozoa was studied. The spermatozoa from both strains of mice exhibited optimal fertilization rates at 2 × 106 sperm/ml. However, at sperm concentrations greater than 4 × 106 sperm/ml and less than 1 × 106 sperm/ml, fertilization rates were significantly reduced. F1 spermatozoa were more susceptible to dilution than QS spermatozoa. A significant interaction between strain and sperm concentration indicated that the two strains produced different fertilization rates at different sperm densities. Extracts of epididymal fluid, medium from capacitated spermatozoa, or ampulla fluid did not improve the fertilization rate at 2 × 105 sperm/ml, but retaining the cumulus oophorus did. The decrease in fertilization rate at 8 × 106 sperm/ml can in part be attributed to a nondialysable inhibitor from the neat sperm preparation that appeared to be of epididymal origin.
Fertilisation
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Abstract This study was conducted to gain a better understanding of the effect of exposure to the myxozoan Henneguya ictaluri (the agent of proliferative gill disease [PGD]) on host physiology by measuring the variation in selected blood characteristics in three differently affected host taxa (channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus, blue catfish I. furcatus, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrid fingerlings). Forty-five fish of each host taxon were exposed to PGD, and 10 fish of each host taxon were sampled at 24, 96, and 168 h. Fish were weighed, blood was collected and analyzed for a suite of physiological variables, and wet mount preparations of gill clips were examined grossly for the presence of cartilage breaks. The results of this study are consistent with the current knowledge regarding H. ictaluri infections in blue catfish, channel catfish, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrids. Chondrocytic lysis was observed in channel catfish and hybrid catfish at 96 and 168 h but was not observed in blue catfish. There was an observed reduction in oxygen partial pressure (pO2) and an increase in carbon dioxide partial pressure (pCO2) at 96 h in the blood of channel catfish and hybrid catfish, but these changes were not exhibited by blue catfish. For all species, pH decreased as lactate concentrations increased. The lack of physiological changes and the absence of H. ictaluri sporozoites and DNA in gill tissue lead us to speculate that H. ictaluri is unable to establish infection in blue catfish. Current research investigating the mechanisms of infection and portals of parasite entry into blue catfish, channel catfish, and blue catfish × channel catfish hybrids is underway to better elucidate the defenses employed by blue catfish against H. ictaluri.
Ictaluridae
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Half-sib ictalurid families were produced when eggs from three channel catfish, "Ictalurus punctatus," females were fertilized with a mixture of sperm from channel catfish, blue catfish, "I. furcatus," black bullhead, "Ameiurus melas," and flathead catfish, "Plyodictis olivaris." Sperm from all four species successfully fertilized channel catfish eggs, although individual families contained different percentages of the various crosses. The enzyme glucose phosphate isomerase distinguished the different hybrids and parental groups, and confirmed sorting of offspring based on morphology. At 1 month of age, channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrids (0.36 ± 0.07 g, mean ± SD) were heavier (P ≤ 0.05) than channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ (0.12 ± 0.03 g), channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ hybrids (0.11 ± 0.03 g ), and channel catfish (0.10 ± 0.4 g). By 8 months of age, channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ hybrids (36.4 ± 21.9 g) and channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ hybrids (34.5 ± 24.2 g) were similar in weight, and each was significantly heavier than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ (26.9 ± 16.1 g), while channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ (17.0 ౩ 6.8 g) weighed the least. Morphometric ratios of channel catfish ♀ X blue catfish ♂ were intermediate between channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ and blue catfish for four of 16 features and were similar to either or both of the parental species for 10 others. Ratios for channel catfish ♀ X black bullhead ♂ hybrids were intermediate between channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ and black bullhead for seven of 16 features. Ratios for channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrids were larger than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♀ for eight of 16 features and smaller than channel catfish ♀ X channel catfish ♂ for five of 16 features. All channel catfish ♀ X flathead catfish ♂ hybrid offspring were female, based on examination of the urogenital region or gross appearance of the gonands, while other groups had normal sex ratios. Production of half-sib interspecific hybrid families provides a unique opportunity to evaluate genetic influences on commercially important traits and to evaluate the potential of these ictalurid hybrids in aquaculture.
Flathead
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Abstract Processing plants prefer live catfish ranging from 0.45 to 1.81 kg as they are readily processed and sold to established markets. Catfish routinely escape harvest, become “big fish” (>1.81 kg) in one to two production cycles, receive a reduced price, and can reduce farm profitability. This study determined age structure of Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus and hybrid catfish (male Blue Catfish Ictalurus furcatus × female Channel Catfish) that were “big fish” from commercial catfish ponds and estimated growth rates to determine when fish reach these sizes. In summer 2018, 153 Channel Catfish and 134 hybrid catfish were collected from commercial catfish farms in western Alabama and aged using lapilli otoliths. Hybrid catfish had faster growth than Channel Catfish and were larger at every age‐class sampled during the study. Premium‐sized fish were comprised solely of age‐2 and age‐3 fish for both species, but 72% of age‐2 Channel Catfish were premium size, compared to only 40% of age‐2 hybrid catfish. On average, Channel Catfish and hybrid catfish reached “big fish” size in 2.5 and 1.5 years, respectively. Thus, farmers should try to harvest most fish within these time frames or renovate ponds to mitigate these issues.
Market Size
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