The mechanism research of non-Smad dependent TAK1 signaling pathway in the treatment of bone defects by recombination BMP-2-loaded hollow hydroxyapatite microspheres/chitosan composite

Aims The present study aimed to evaluate whether the non-Smad dependent TAK1 signaling pathway (BMP-2-TAK1-p38-Osx signaling pathway) played an important role in bone repair mediated by hollow hydroxyapatite (HA) microspheres/chitosan (CS) composite.