Stability of Thin Film Refractory Plasmonic Materials Taken to High Temperatures in Air

Materials such as W, TiN, and SrRuO3 (SRO) have been suggested as promising alternatives to Au and Ag in plasmonic applications owing to their refractory properties. However, investigation of the reproducibility of the optical properties after thermal cycling at high operational temperatures is so far lacking. Here, thin films of W, Mo, Ti, TiN, TiON, Ag, Au, and SrRuO3 are investigated to assess their viability for robust refractory plasmonic applications. Films ranging in thickness from 50 - 180 nm are deposited on MgO and Si substrates by RF magnetron sputtering and, in the case of SrRuO3, pulsed laser deposition, prior to characterisation by means of AFM, XRD, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and DC resistivity. Measurements are conducted before and after annealing in air at temperatures ranging from 300 - 1000{\deg} C for one hour, to establish the maximum cycling temperature and potential longevity at temperature for each material. It is found that SrRuO3 retains metallic behaviour after annealing at 800{\deg} C, however, importantly, the optical properties of TiN and TiON are degraded as a result of oxidation. Nevertheless, both TiN and TiON may be better suited than Au or SRO for high temperature applications operating under vacuum conditions.