Risk Factors for Developing Choroidal Neovascular Membrane and Visual Loss in Punctate Inner Choroidopathy

Purpose To examine a large cohort of subjects with punctate inner choroidopathy (PIC) looking at risk factors for development of choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM) and visual loss. Design Retrospective case series. Participants A total of 203 participants (318 eyes) with PIC seen at Moorfields Eye Hospital between 1996 and 2016. Methods Information was gathered from the clinical notes of all subjects identified with PIC. Main Outcome Measures Development of CNVM, moderate visual loss (MVL) (≤20/50), and severe visual loss (SVL) (≤20/200). Results Participants were predominantly young (median age at presentation, 32.9 years; interquartile range [IQR], 26.1–42.2), myopic (91.5%), female (87.2%), and white (75.9%). Disease was bilateral at presentation in 115 participants (56.7%), and CNVM was present at presentation in 152 eyes (47.8%). Median follow-up was 8.4 years. New CNVM occurred in 58 eyes (33.5% of affected eyes and 4.3% of initially unaffected eyes). An increased risk of developing CNVM was associated with the presence of a CNVM in the fellow eye ( P P  = 0.035; HR, 0.45). No difference was observed in visual outcome with oral corticosteroids, but subjects treated with anti-VEGF had better visual outcomes (12-month median visual acuity, logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution [logMAR] 0.00 with anti-VEGF and 0.20 without; P  = 0.018). Median best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/30 at presentation (IQR, 0.00–0.50) and remained at 20/30 throughout all follow-up periods. Moderate visual loss occurred in 40 eyes (12.6%), with an incidence of 0.01 per eye-year, and SVL occurred in 49 eyes (15.4%), with an incidence of 0.01 per eye-year. Female participants were half as likely as male participants to develop MVL ( P  = 0.030; HR, 0.448), and participants with CNVM had a higher risk of MVL ( P  = 0.003; HR, 21.074). Conclusions Visual loss is common in subjects with PIC, predominantly secondary to late development of CNVM. Treatment with oral corticosteroids may help to reduce the risk of CNVM development, and anti-VEGF therapy for CNVM was associated with better clinical outcomes.