Endocrine relationships between rank - related behavior and antler growth in deer.

1. Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Antler development 3.1. Antler growth and testosterone 3.2. Antler growth and IGF-1. 3.3. Antler development and castration 3.4. Antler development and IGF-1 in different deer species 4. In vitro cultivation of antler tissues in relation to IGF-1 and testosterone 5. Antler development, IGF-1, testosterone and “double castration” 6. Discussion 7. Perspective 8. Acknowledgement 9. References