Viscosity of water in hibernating and nonhibernating mammals estimated by proton NMR relaxation times

Abstract Longitudinal ( T 1 ) and transverse ( T 2 ) nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation times were measured in vitro at 37, 30, 25, 15, and 5 °C on serum, brain, liver, kidney, and heart samples from a hibernator, the European hamster, active in summer (SA), active in winter, or in the hibernating state in winter; from a less efficient hibernator, the golden hamster; and from a homeotherm, the rat. T 1 and T 2 relaxation times varied between species and in the European hamster between the active and hibernating subjects. Despite the major relaxation time differences between the organs, NMR relaxation time measurements showed a general trend to an increase in the viscosity of water for the European hamster in the active state. Although these modifications were not directly related to the process of hibernation itself, the relaxation times observed in the hibernating animals were closer to those seen in the rat. This evidenced that changes of physical properties of water reflect a better adaptation to low temperatures of the hamster, as compared to the nonhibernator, given that the low water viscosity of SA hamster allows the decrease of the viscosity with temperature during the hibernating state. These in vitro studies permit the study the viscosity which is an important physicochemical parameter involved in NMR longitudinal relaxation time of water proton. More detailed studies of other physiological parameters must be undertaken by further in vivo measurements.