Water-mediated heterogeneously catalyzed reactions

Nature takes advantage of the pervasive presence of water to control many enzymatic reactions by utilizing the unique properties of water, which in turn help regulating reaction rates, selectivity, and rates of mass transfer. Some of the natural phenomena in which water plays the role of solvent, reactant, or by-product find parallels in industrially relevant reactions catalyzed by synthetic heterogeneous catalysts. This review addresses different mechanistic features of catalytic reactions influenced by the water. They include modification of reactant (or product) solubility and rate of mass transport, stabilization of reactants, products, and transitions states, both in open and confined spaces, and direct participation in the catalytic phenomenon by remote bond polarization, H-shuttling, or acting as a cocatalyst.