Effect of congestive heart failure on humoral and ex vivo cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in older adults

Abstract This study examined the effect of congestive heart failure (CHF) on immune responses to influenza vaccination (2000–2001 preparation) in three groups of older adults including healthy, Class II and Class III/IV CHF. Serum antibody titers measured by hemagglutination inhibition (HI), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-10 (IL-10) and granzyme B (GrzB) levels in ex vivo virus-activated mononuclear cell cultures showed significant responses from pre-vaccination to 4 and 12 weeks post-vaccination ( P P