Exercise training improves cardiac function postinfarction: Special emphasis on recent controversies on Na+/Ca2+ exchanger

: Exercise training instituted after myocardial infarction improves many steps involved in cardiac excitation-contraction coupling. Focusing on Na/Caexchange, current controversies regarding whether it mediates Cainflux during an action potential, whether it is increased or decreased in disease models, whether protein kinase A alters its activity, and whether exercise training affects its function are reviewed. Finally, a novel target for exercise training in the heart is suggested.