Cancer Stem Cell Vaccination With PD-L1 and CTLA-4 Blockades Enhances the Eradication of Melanoma Stem Cells in a Mouse Tumor Model.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors and monoclonal antibodies reinvigorate cancer immunotherapy. However, these immunotherapies only benefit a subset of patients. We previously reported that ALDHhigh tumor cells were highly enriched for cancer stem cells (CSCs), and ALDHhigh CSC lysate-pulsed dendritic cel