Cell Therapy Using Extraocular Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Extraocular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent an available, non-immunogenic source of stem cells that has proved to possess a potential therapeutic value in corneal epithelium regeneration based on results obtained in both preclinical and clinical studies. All published studies have revealed promising results in animal models and have shown significant corneal regeneration, improved corneal transparency and a rapid healing process associated with the restoration of vision. However, the studies performed to unravel the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of MSCs on the damaged ocular surface have shown that multiple mechanisms might contribute simultaneously to their therapeutic action. Although it remains uncertain if MSCs can transdifferentiate into corneal epithelial cells, these cells have shown a capacity of secreting trophic and growth factors capable of stimulating resident stem cells and reducing tissue injury, an ability to exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, and a capability to migrate into injured tissues. This book chapter is specifically focused on the preclinical and clinical advancements on the use of extraocular MSCs for corneal epithelium regeneration.