Birdstrike: approaches to the analysis of impacts with penetration

Birdstrike is one of the most dangerous threats for ∞ight safety and, therefore, aircraft before being put into operational service have to be certifled for a proven level of bird impact resistance. Since the experimental tests are expensive and di‐cult to perform, numerical techniques are usually used to develop high-e‐ciency bird-proof structures. In this work, bird strike and (subsequent) penetration inside the airframe are investigated. Difierent models of bird are considered: advantages and disadvantages of which have been discussed with regard to the impact of a bird against the intake of a turbofan engine.