Structural Nanocrystalline Materials: Stability of structural nanocrystalline materials – grain growth

Introduction Knowledge of the thermal stability of nanocrystalline materials is important for both technological and scientific reasons. From a technological point of view, the thermal stability is important for consolidation of nanocrystalline particulates without coarsening the microstructure. That is, many methods, as described in Chapter 2, for synthesis of nanocrystalline materials result in particulate products which must be consolidated into bulk form. Since most consolidation processes involve both heat and pressure, the thermal stability of the nanoscale microstructure is always at risk. The goal of particulate consolidation is to attain essentially 100% theoretical density and good particulate bonding while preventing or minimizing grain growth of the nanocrystalline grains. Understanding the scientific nature of stability, grain growth of nanocrystalline microstructures is a criterion for allowing strategies for minimizing grain growth to be developed. A basic scientific question with regard to nanocrystalline materials is whether their behavior involves “new physics” or is simply the expected grain-size-dependent behavior extrapolated to nanocrystalline grain sizes. Thermal stability is an important phenomenon to be addressed in this regard. The thermal stability in a broader sense involves not only the stability of the grain structure, that is the microstructure, but also the stability of the structure of the grain boundaries in nanocrystalline materials. A number of investigations on the thermal stability of nanocrystalline materials have been conducted. Grain growth in nanocrystalline materials has been reviewed by Suryanarayana (1995), Weissmuller (1996), and Malow and Koch (1996a,b).