Research advances in the role of mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes in treatment of liver diseases

At present, liver transplantation remains the most effective treatment for acute liver failure and advanced cirrhosis, but its use and promotion are limited by insufficient organ donors, financial consideration, and requirements for lifelong immunosuppression. In recent years, stem cell transplantation has been recommended as an effective substitutive therapy for liver disease. Mesenchymal stem cells, also known as pluripotent interstitial stromal cells, are self-renewing cells that can be found in almost all postnatal organs and tissues, including the liver. Their potential to differentiate into hepatocytes and immunomodulatory properties provide new insights into the use of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases. This article reviews the characteristics of mesenchymal stem cells, their mechanisms in the treatment of acute and chronic liver diseases, and related risks.