Immunological markers of lung disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria

Lung disease due to non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) is a poorly understood condition that is difficult to treat. Treatment remains problematic as few tools are available to help clinicians monitor disease progression or predict tre atment outcome. In this study, plasma levels of several inflammator y molecules and the frequency of circulating T cell subsets were measured in patients with NTM lung disease and known treatment status, and compared with their adult offspring and with unrelated healthy controls. Plasma levels of the chemokine CXCL10 and IL-18 were assessed for associations with treatment efficacy. CXCL10 was higher in patients than adult offspring (p < 0.001) and unrelated controls (p < 0.001). Plasma CXCL10 was also lower in patients who responded well to therapy or who controlled their infection without requiring therapy, wh en compared to patients who did not respond to therapy (p = 0.03). Frequencies of activated (HLA-DR + ) CD4 + T cells were higher in patients than adult offspring (p < 0.001) and unrelated controls (p < 0.05), with the highest frequencies in individuals who had completed at least 6 months of treatment. Frequencies of activated (CD38 + ) CD8 + T cells in most treatment responders were similar to unrelated controls. Low plasma levels of CXCL10 may reflect successful control of NTM lung disease with or without therapy. Compared with responders, patients who responded poorly to treatment generally had higher plasma levels of CXCL10 and IL-18, and higher frequencies of activated CD8 + T cells.