Active Manipulation of NIR Plasmonics: the Case of Cu2–xSe through Electrochemistry

Active control of nanocrystal optical and electrical properties is crucial for many of their applications. By electrochemical (de)lithiation of Cu2–xSe, a highly doped semiconductor, dynamic and reversible manipulation of its NIR plasmonics has been achieved. Spectroelectrochemistry results show that NIR plasmon red-shifted and reduced in intensity during lithiation, which can be reversed with perfect on–off switching over 100 cycles. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy reveals that a Faradaic redox process during Cu2–xSe (de)lithiation is responsible for the optical modulation, rather than simple capacitive charging. XPS analysis identifies a reversible change in the redox state of selenide anion but not copper cation, consistent with DFT calculations. Our findings open up new possibilities for dynamical manipulation of vacancy-induced surface plasmon resonances and have important implications for their use in NIR optical switching and functional circuits.