Matrix effects of the hydroethanolic extract and the butanol fraction of calyces from Physalis peruviana L. on the biopharmaceutics classification of rutin

OBJECTIVES: The Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) categorizes active pharmaceutical ingredients according to their solubility and permeability properties, which are susceptible to matrix or formulation effects. The aim of this research was to evaluate the matrix effects of a hydroethanolic extract of calyces from Physalis peruviana L. (HEE) and its butanol fraction (BF), on the biopharmaceutics classification of their major compound, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin, RU). METHODS: Rutin was quantified by HPLC-UV, and Caco-2 cell monolayer transport studies were performed to obtain the apparent permeability values (Papp ). Aqueous solubility was determined at pH 6.8 and 7.4. KEY FINDINGS: The Papp values followed this order: BF > HEE > RU (1.77 +/- 0.02 > 1.53 +/- 0.07 > 0.90 +/- 0.03 x 10(-5) cm/s). The lowest solubility values followed this order: HEE > RU > BF (2.988 +/- 0.07 > 0.205 +/- 0.002 > 0.189 +/- 0.005 mg/ml). CONCLUSIONS: According to these results, rutin could be classified as BCS classes III (high solubility/low permeability) and IV (low solubility/low permeability), depending on the plant matrix. Further work needs to be done in order to establish how apply the BCS for research and development of new botanical drugs or for bioequivalence purposes.