Rutin

Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranose). It is a citrus flavonoid found in a wide variety of plants including citrus fruit. Rutin, also called rutoside, quercetin-3-O-rutinoside and sophorin, is the glycoside combining the flavonol quercetin and the disaccharide rutinose (α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranose). It is a citrus flavonoid found in a wide variety of plants including citrus fruit. Rutin is one of the phenolic compounds found in the invasive plant species Carpobrotus edulis and contributes to the antibacterial properties of the plant. Its name comes from the name of Ruta graveolens, a plant that also contains rutin. The enzyme quercitrinase can be found in Aspergillus flavus. It is an enzyme in the rutin catabolic pathway. Rutin is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants including buckwheat, the leaves and petioles of Rheum species, and asparagus. Tartary buckwheat seeds have been found to contain more rutin (about 0.8–1.7% dry weight) than common buckwheat seeds (0.01% dry weight). Rutin is one of the primary flavonols found in 'clingstone' peaches. It is also found in green tea infusions. Approximate rutin content per 100g of selected foods: 332 mg Capers, spice 45 mg Olive , raw 36 mg Buckwheat, whole grain flour 23 mg Asparagus, raw 19 mg Black raspberry, raw 11 mg Red raspberry, raw 9 mg Buckwheat, groats, thermally treated 6 mg Buckwheat, refined flour 6 mg Greencurrant 6 mg Plum, fresh 5 mg Blackcurrant, raw 4 mg Blackberry, raw 3 mg Tomato , whole, raw 2 mg prune 2 mg Fenugreek, fresh 2 mg Marjoram, dried 2 mg Tea , infusion 1 mg Grape, raisin 1 mg Zucchini, raw 1 mg Apricot, raw 1 mg Tea , infusion 0 mg apple 0 mg redcurrant 0 mg Grape 0 mg Tomato, whole, raw Rutin (rutoside or rutinoside) and other dietary flavonols are under preliminary clinical research for their potential biological effects, such as in reducing post-thrombotic syndrome, venous insufficiency, or endothelial dysfunction, but there was no high-quality evidence for their safe and effective uses as of 2016. As a flavonol among similar flavonoids, rutin has low bioavailability due to poor absorption, high metabolism, and rapid excretion that collectively make its potential for use as a therapeutic agent limited.